Abstract
Amphetamines are illegal party drugs but also classified as fatal if swallowed, with the lowest concentration causing death (LDLo) of 2206 µg/kg for men and 20 mg/kg for rats (amphetamine) (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2024). 2016 another amphetamine derivative (3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin (MDMA/ecstasy) was found in crops in the Netherlands that were sold for animal feed. This pollution originated from illegal drug labs disposing their chemical waste into unmonitored manure tanks (Andringa, 2016). To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no other documentation of amphetamines being present in manure. In this study we report the incidental finding of amphetamine in Danish manure. After initial doubts, the presence of amphetamine was verified by using HPLC-MS/MS with three MRM transitions as well as HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry utilising high resolution product ion spectra. This study delves into the unexpected discovery of amphetamine residues within pig manure. The research addresses critical analytical challenges encountered during the LC-MS target analysis, shedding light on the importance of accurate detection methods. By exploring the presence of amphetamines in manure and elucidating analytical mistakes, this work contributes valuable insights into the broader context of environmental and public health concerns associated with emerging contaminants in agricultural settings. The findings underscore the need for rigorous analytical approaches to assess and mitigate the impact of pharmaceutical residues in the environment.
References
Andringa, R. (2016) January 9. Mdma-resten van xtc-productie gevonden in maisplanten. NOS Nieuws. https://nos.nl/artikel/2079436-mdma-resten-van-xtc-productie-gevonden-in-maisplanten
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3007, Amphetamine. Retrieved January 12 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Amphetamine.
References
Andringa, R. (2016) January 9. Mdma-resten van xtc-productie gevonden in maisplanten. NOS Nieuws. https://nos.nl/artikel/2079436-mdma-resten-van-xtc-productie-gevonden-in-maisplanten
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3007, Amphetamine. Retrieved January 12 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Amphetamine.
Original language | English |
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Publication date | 2024 |
Publication status | Unpublished - 2024 |