TY - JOUR
T1 - Tracing the multiregional evolution of the global dysprosium demand-supply chain
AU - D Ranasinghe Mudiyanse Ralahamillage, Disna Prasadini Eheliyagoda
AU - Ramanujan, Devarajan
AU - Veluri, Badrinath
AU - Liu, Qiance
AU - Liu, Gang
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - Dysprosium (Dy) is a critical rare earth element, indispensable for realizing low-carbon technologies. A holistic understanding of global Dy supply-demand chains is essential for ensuring its future sustainable supply and use. This study conducts the first multiregional analysis of Dy flows and stocks to comprehensively trace the global Dy cycle from 1988 to 2021. Results show a rising demand for Dy-comprising intermediate and final products with complex trade fluctuations since 2000. In total, 22,009 tons of intermediate products, primarily as neodymium-based permanent magnets (NdFeB), accumulatively entered the global manufacturing phase, of which China accounted for approximately 55%. Dy use was notable in the United States and Japan for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles manufacturing and for industrial machinery production in the European Union. Less than 3% of globally mined Dy was recycled. Considering the growing global demand for Dy, alternate supply sources, and regional efforts to promote recycling and circular economy strategies are required.
AB - Dysprosium (Dy) is a critical rare earth element, indispensable for realizing low-carbon technologies. A holistic understanding of global Dy supply-demand chains is essential for ensuring its future sustainable supply and use. This study conducts the first multiregional analysis of Dy flows and stocks to comprehensively trace the global Dy cycle from 1988 to 2021. Results show a rising demand for Dy-comprising intermediate and final products with complex trade fluctuations since 2000. In total, 22,009 tons of intermediate products, primarily as neodymium-based permanent magnets (NdFeB), accumulatively entered the global manufacturing phase, of which China accounted for approximately 55%. Dy use was notable in the United States and Japan for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles manufacturing and for industrial machinery production in the European Union. Less than 3% of globally mined Dy was recycled. Considering the growing global demand for Dy, alternate supply sources, and regional efforts to promote recycling and circular economy strategies are required.
KW - Circular economy
KW - Dysprosium
KW - Heavy rare earth
KW - International trade
KW - Material flow analysis
KW - Recycling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85173527372&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107245
DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107245
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0921-3449
VL - 199
JO - Resources, Conservation & Recycling
JF - Resources, Conservation & Recycling
M1 - 107245
ER -