Abstract
We consider gradient flows of surface energies that depend on the surface by a parameterization and on a tangential tensor field. The flow allows for dissipation by evolving the parameterization and the tensor field simultaneously. This requires the choice of a notation for independence. We introduce different gauges of surface independence and show their consequences for the evolution. In order to guarantee a decrease in energy, the gauge of surface independence and the time derivative have to be chosen consistently. We demonstrate the results for a surface Frank–Oseen–Helfrich energy.
Original language | English |
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Journal | IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics |
Volume | 88, 2023 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages (from-to) | 917-958 |
Number of pages | 42 |
ISSN | 1464-3634 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Mar 2024 |