TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent research and development of individual precision cooling systems for dairy cows – A review
AU - Zhang, Wenqi
AU - Yang, Ruimin
AU - Choi, Christopher Y.
AU - Rong, Li
AU - Zhang, Guoqiang
AU - Wang, Kaiying
AU - Wang, Xiaoshuai
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2024/10
Y1 - 2024/10
N2 - Individual precision-cooling systems are intended to cool individual cows according to their specific cooling needs. Now, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine-vision capabilities, various precision-cooling techniques and control systems have been proposed, any number of which could prove to be a feasible way to apply precision cooling. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed and tested systems such as spray cooling, air-forced convection cooling, and waterbed cooling. The feasibility of commercialization of these systems was also evaluated. Additionally, the existing methods used to detect the heat stress-related physiological responses of dairy cows and their adaptability for precision cooling systems were summarized and assessed. Cutting-edge technologies such as wearable detection devices, frequency-modulated, continuous-wave radar, infrared thermography, and computer vision could potentially be used to monitor real-time physiological parameters. In addition, the various automatic-control technologies used to regulate livestock-barn environments (technologies that involve proportional–integral–derivative controls, predictive models, and reinforcement learning) are also reviewed. As the automatic-control system is an aspect scarcely addressed in the context of current dairy-farm operations, only a limited number of control technologies were found to be in use at a dairy farm. The importance of control logic and system was highlighted in the context of precision cooling. This review ends with the conclusion that before real-time heat-stress-monitoring and state-of-the-art control strategies can be integrated into precision cooling systems, more work should be done to determine whether either can significantly improve the effectiveness of currently used cooling systems.
AB - Individual precision-cooling systems are intended to cool individual cows according to their specific cooling needs. Now, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine-vision capabilities, various precision-cooling techniques and control systems have been proposed, any number of which could prove to be a feasible way to apply precision cooling. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed and tested systems such as spray cooling, air-forced convection cooling, and waterbed cooling. The feasibility of commercialization of these systems was also evaluated. Additionally, the existing methods used to detect the heat stress-related physiological responses of dairy cows and their adaptability for precision cooling systems were summarized and assessed. Cutting-edge technologies such as wearable detection devices, frequency-modulated, continuous-wave radar, infrared thermography, and computer vision could potentially be used to monitor real-time physiological parameters. In addition, the various automatic-control technologies used to regulate livestock-barn environments (technologies that involve proportional–integral–derivative controls, predictive models, and reinforcement learning) are also reviewed. As the automatic-control system is an aspect scarcely addressed in the context of current dairy-farm operations, only a limited number of control technologies were found to be in use at a dairy farm. The importance of control logic and system was highlighted in the context of precision cooling. This review ends with the conclusion that before real-time heat-stress-monitoring and state-of-the-art control strategies can be integrated into precision cooling systems, more work should be done to determine whether either can significantly improve the effectiveness of currently used cooling systems.
KW - Dairy cows
KW - Environmental control systems
KW - Heat stress evaluation
KW - Physiological information sensing
KW - Precision cooling system
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85199709423&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.compag.2024.109248
DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2024.109248
M3 - Review
AN - SCOPUS:85199709423
SN - 0168-1699
VL - 225
JO - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
JF - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
M1 - 109248
ER -