TY - JOUR
T1 - Low-Cost Hyperspectral Imaging in Macroalgae Monitoring
AU - Allentoft-Larsen, Marc Christian
AU - Santos, Joaquim
AU - Azhar, Mihailo
AU - Pedersen, Henrik C.
AU - Jakobsen, Michael L
AU - Petersen, Paul M.
AU - Pedersen, Christian
AU - Jakobsen, Hans
PY - 2025/5
Y1 - 2025/5
N2 - This study presents an approach to macroalgae monitoring using a cost-effective hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system and artificial intelligence (AI). Kelp beds are vital habitats and support nutrient cycling, making ongoing monitoring crucial amid environmental changes. HSI emerges as a powerful tool in this context, due to its ability to detect pigment-characteristic fingerprints that are often missed altogether by standard RGB cameras. Still, the high costs of these systems are a barrier to large-scale deployment for in situ monitoring. Here, we showcase the development of a cost-effective HSI setup that combines a GoPro camera with a continuous linear variable spectral bandpass filter. We empirically validate the operational capabilities through the analysis of two brown macroalgae, Fucus serratus and Fucus versiculosus, and two red macroalgae, Ceramium sp. and Vertebrata byssoides, in a controlled aquatic environment. Our HSI system successfully captured spectral information from the target species, which exhibit considerable similarity in morphology and spectral profile, making them difficult to differentiate using traditional RGB imaging. Using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, we reached a high average classification precision, recall, and F1-score of 99.9%, 89.5%, and 94.4%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of our custom low-cost HSI setup. This work paves the way to achieving large-scale and automated ecological monitoring.
AB - This study presents an approach to macroalgae monitoring using a cost-effective hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system and artificial intelligence (AI). Kelp beds are vital habitats and support nutrient cycling, making ongoing monitoring crucial amid environmental changes. HSI emerges as a powerful tool in this context, due to its ability to detect pigment-characteristic fingerprints that are often missed altogether by standard RGB cameras. Still, the high costs of these systems are a barrier to large-scale deployment for in situ monitoring. Here, we showcase the development of a cost-effective HSI setup that combines a GoPro camera with a continuous linear variable spectral bandpass filter. We empirically validate the operational capabilities through the analysis of two brown macroalgae, Fucus serratus and Fucus versiculosus, and two red macroalgae, Ceramium sp. and Vertebrata byssoides, in a controlled aquatic environment. Our HSI system successfully captured spectral information from the target species, which exhibit considerable similarity in morphology and spectral profile, making them difficult to differentiate using traditional RGB imaging. Using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, we reached a high average classification precision, recall, and F1-score of 99.9%, 89.5%, and 94.4%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of our custom low-cost HSI setup. This work paves the way to achieving large-scale and automated ecological monitoring.
KW - 1D convolutional neural network
KW - artificial intelligence
KW - biodiversity
KW - classification
KW - hyperspectral imaging
KW - macroalgae
KW - remote sensing
KW - spectral analysis
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004893180
U2 - 10.3390/s25092652
DO - 10.3390/s25092652
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 40363091
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 25
JO - Sensors
JF - Sensors
IS - 9
M1 - 2652
ER -