Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants

Ronald L. Gilliland; Geoffrey W. Marcy; Jason F. Rowe; Leslie Rogers; Guillermo Torres; Francois Fressin; Eric D. Lopez; Lars A. Buchhave; Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard; Jean-Michel Désert; Christopher E. Henze; Howard Isaacson; Jon M. Jenkins; Jack J. Lissauer; William J. Chaplin; Sarbani Basu; Travis S. Metcalfe; Yvonne Elsworth; Rasmus Handberg; Saskia Hekker; Daniel Huber; Christoffer Karoff; Hans Kjeldsen; Mikkel N. Lund; Mia Lundkvist; Andrea Miglio; David Charbonneau; Eric B. Ford; Jonathan J. Fortney; Michael R. Haas; Andrew W. Howard; Steve B. Howell; Darin Ragozzine; Susan E. Thompson

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants

Ronald L. Gilliland, Geoffrey W. Marcy, Jason F. Rowe, Leslie Rogers, Guillermo Torres, Francois Fressin, Eric D. Lopez, Lars A. Buchhave, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jean-Michel Désert, Christopher E. Henze, Howard Isaacson, Jon M. Jenkins, Jack J. Lissauer, William J. Chaplin, Sarbani Basu, Travis S. Metcalfe, Yvonne Elsworth, Rasmus Handberg, Saskia HekkerDaniel Huber, Christoffer Karoff, Hans Kjeldsen, Mikkel N. Lund, Mia Lundkvist, Andrea Miglio, David Charbonneau, Eric B. Ford, Jonathan J. Fortney, Michael R. Haas, Andrew W. Howard, Steve B. Howell, Darin Ragozzine, Susan E. Thompson

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Abstract

NASA's Kepler Mission has revealed two transiting planets orbiting Kepler-68. Follow-up Doppler measurements have established the mass of the innermost planet and revealed a third Jovian-mass planet orbiting beyond the two transiting planets. Kepler-68b, in a 5.4 day orbit, has M_P=8.3^{+2.2}_{-2.4} M ⊕, R_P=2.31^{+0.06}_{-0.09} R ⊕, and \rho _P=3.32^{+0.86}_{-0.98} g cm-3, giving Kepler-68b a density intermediate between that of the ice giants and Earth. Kepler-68c is Earth-sized, with a radius R_P=0.953^{+0.037}_{-0.042} R ⊕ and transits on a 9.6 day orbit; validation of Kepler-68c posed unique challenges. Kepler-68d has an orbital period of 580 ± 15 days and a minimum mass of M Psin i = 0.947 ± 0.035MJ . Power spectra of the Kepler photometry at one minute cadence exhibit a rich and strong set of asteroseismic pulsation modes enabling detailed analysis of the stellar interior. Spectroscopy of the star coupled with asteroseismic modeling of the multiple pulsation modes yield precise measurements of stellar properties, notably T eff = 5793 ± 74 K, M sstarf = 1.079 ± 0.051 M ⊙, R sstarf = 1.243 ± 0.019 R ⊙, and ρsstarf = 0.7903 ± 0.0054 g cm-3, all measured with fractional uncertainties of only a few percent. Models of Kepler-68b suggest that it is likely composed of rock and water, or has a H and He envelope to yield its density ~3 g cm-3.

Original language	English
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	766
Issue	1
Pages (from-to)	40
ISSN	0004-637X
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2013

Keywords

planetary systems
stars: fundamental parameters
stars: individual: Kepler-68 KIC 11295426 2MASS J19240775+4902249

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10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

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Gilliland, R. L., Marcy, G. W., Rowe, J. F., Rogers, L., Torres, G., Fressin, F., Lopez, E. D., Buchhave, L. A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Désert, J.-M., Henze, C. E., Isaacson, H., Jenkins, J. M., Lissauer, J. J., Chaplin, W. J., Basu, S., Metcalfe, T. S., Elsworth, Y., Handberg, R., ... Thompson, S. E. (2013). Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants. Astrophysical Journal, 766(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

@article{a31a748808b84303bcf87efca7b31b7e,

title = "Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants",

abstract = "NASA's Kepler Mission has revealed two transiting planets orbiting Kepler-68. Follow-up Doppler measurements have established the mass of the innermost planet and revealed a third Jovian-mass planet orbiting beyond the two transiting planets. Kepler-68b, in a 5.4 day orbit, has M\_P=8.3\textasciicircum{}\{+2.2\}\_\{-2.4\} M ⊕, R\_P=2.31\textasciicircum{}\{+0.06\}\_\{-0.09\} R ⊕, and \textbackslash{}rho \_P=3.32\textasciicircum{}\{+0.86\}\_\{-0.98\} g cm-3, giving Kepler-68b a density intermediate between that of the ice giants and Earth. Kepler-68c is Earth-sized, with a radius R\_P=0.953\textasciicircum{}\{+0.037\}\_\{-0.042\} R ⊕ and transits on a 9.6 day orbit; validation of Kepler-68c posed unique challenges. Kepler-68d has an orbital period of 580 ± 15 days and a minimum mass of M Psin i = 0.947 ± 0.035MJ . Power spectra of the Kepler photometry at one minute cadence exhibit a rich and strong set of asteroseismic pulsation modes enabling detailed analysis of the stellar interior. Spectroscopy of the star coupled with asteroseismic modeling of the multiple pulsation modes yield precise measurements of stellar properties, notably T eff = 5793 ± 74 K, M sstarf = 1.079 ± 0.051 M ⊙, R sstarf = 1.243 ± 0.019 R ⊙, and ρsstarf = 0.7903 ± 0.0054 g cm-3, all measured with fractional uncertainties of only a few percent. Models of Kepler-68b suggest that it is likely composed of rock and water, or has a H and He envelope to yield its density \textasciitilde{}3 g cm-3.",

keywords = "planetary systems, stars: fundamental parameters, stars: individual: Kepler-68 KIC 11295426 2MASS J19240775+4902249",

author = "Gilliland, \{Ronald L.\} and Marcy, \{Geoffrey W.\} and Rowe, \{Jason F.\} and Leslie Rogers and Guillermo Torres and Francois Fressin and Lopez, \{Eric D.\} and Buchhave, \{Lars A.\} and J{\o}rgen Christensen-Dalsgaard and Jean-Michel D{\'e}sert and Henze, \{Christopher E.\} and Howard Isaacson and Jenkins, \{Jon M.\} and Lissauer, \{Jack J.\} and Chaplin, \{William J.\} and Sarbani Basu and Metcalfe, \{Travis S.\} and Yvonne Elsworth and Rasmus Handberg and Saskia Hekker and Daniel Huber and Christoffer Karoff and Hans Kjeldsen and Lund, \{Mikkel N.\} and Mia Lundkvist and Andrea Miglio and David Charbonneau and Ford, \{Eric B.\} and Fortney, \{Jonathan J.\} and Haas, \{Michael R.\} and Howard, \{Andrew W.\} and Howell, \{Steve B.\} and Darin Ragozzine and Thompson, \{Susan E.\}",

year = "2013",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40",

language = "English",

volume = "766",

pages = "40",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "1",

}

Gilliland, RL, Marcy, GW, Rowe, JF, Rogers, L, Torres, G, Fressin, F, Lopez, ED, Buchhave, LA, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, Désert, J-M, Henze, CE, Isaacson, H, Jenkins, JM, Lissauer, JJ, Chaplin, WJ, Basu, S, Metcalfe, TS, Elsworth, Y, Handberg, R, Hekker, S, Huber, D, Karoff, C , Kjeldsen, H , Lund, MN , Lundkvist, M, Miglio, A, Charbonneau, D, Ford, EB, Fortney, JJ, Haas, MR, Howard, AW, Howell, SB, Ragozzine, D & Thompson, SE 2013, 'Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 766, no. 1, pp. 40. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

TY - JOUR

T1 - Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants

AU - Gilliland, Ronald L.

AU - Marcy, Geoffrey W.

AU - Rowe, Jason F.

AU - Rogers, Leslie

AU - Torres, Guillermo

AU - Fressin, Francois

AU - Lopez, Eric D.

AU - Buchhave, Lars A.

AU - Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen

AU - Désert, Jean-Michel

AU - Henze, Christopher E.

AU - Isaacson, Howard

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Lissauer, Jack J.

AU - Chaplin, William J.

AU - Basu, Sarbani

AU - Metcalfe, Travis S.

AU - Elsworth, Yvonne

AU - Handberg, Rasmus

AU - Hekker, Saskia

AU - Huber, Daniel

AU - Karoff, Christoffer

AU - Kjeldsen, Hans

AU - Lund, Mikkel N.

AU - Lundkvist, Mia

AU - Miglio, Andrea

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Ford, Eric B.

AU - Fortney, Jonathan J.

AU - Haas, Michael R.

AU - Howard, Andrew W.

AU - Howell, Steve B.

AU - Ragozzine, Darin

AU - Thompson, Susan E.

PY - 2013/3/1

Y1 - 2013/3/1

N2 - NASA's Kepler Mission has revealed two transiting planets orbiting Kepler-68. Follow-up Doppler measurements have established the mass of the innermost planet and revealed a third Jovian-mass planet orbiting beyond the two transiting planets. Kepler-68b, in a 5.4 day orbit, has M_P=8.3^{+2.2}_{-2.4} M ⊕, R_P=2.31^{+0.06}_{-0.09} R ⊕, and \rho _P=3.32^{+0.86}_{-0.98} g cm-3, giving Kepler-68b a density intermediate between that of the ice giants and Earth. Kepler-68c is Earth-sized, with a radius R_P=0.953^{+0.037}_{-0.042} R ⊕ and transits on a 9.6 day orbit; validation of Kepler-68c posed unique challenges. Kepler-68d has an orbital period of 580 ± 15 days and a minimum mass of M Psin i = 0.947 ± 0.035MJ . Power spectra of the Kepler photometry at one minute cadence exhibit a rich and strong set of asteroseismic pulsation modes enabling detailed analysis of the stellar interior. Spectroscopy of the star coupled with asteroseismic modeling of the multiple pulsation modes yield precise measurements of stellar properties, notably T eff = 5793 ± 74 K, M sstarf = 1.079 ± 0.051 M ⊙, R sstarf = 1.243 ± 0.019 R ⊙, and ρsstarf = 0.7903 ± 0.0054 g cm-3, all measured with fractional uncertainties of only a few percent. Models of Kepler-68b suggest that it is likely composed of rock and water, or has a H and He envelope to yield its density ~3 g cm-3.

AB - NASA's Kepler Mission has revealed two transiting planets orbiting Kepler-68. Follow-up Doppler measurements have established the mass of the innermost planet and revealed a third Jovian-mass planet orbiting beyond the two transiting planets. Kepler-68b, in a 5.4 day orbit, has M_P=8.3^{+2.2}_{-2.4} M ⊕, R_P=2.31^{+0.06}_{-0.09} R ⊕, and \rho _P=3.32^{+0.86}_{-0.98} g cm-3, giving Kepler-68b a density intermediate between that of the ice giants and Earth. Kepler-68c is Earth-sized, with a radius R_P=0.953^{+0.037}_{-0.042} R ⊕ and transits on a 9.6 day orbit; validation of Kepler-68c posed unique challenges. Kepler-68d has an orbital period of 580 ± 15 days and a minimum mass of M Psin i = 0.947 ± 0.035MJ . Power spectra of the Kepler photometry at one minute cadence exhibit a rich and strong set of asteroseismic pulsation modes enabling detailed analysis of the stellar interior. Spectroscopy of the star coupled with asteroseismic modeling of the multiple pulsation modes yield precise measurements of stellar properties, notably T eff = 5793 ± 74 K, M sstarf = 1.079 ± 0.051 M ⊙, R sstarf = 1.243 ± 0.019 R ⊙, and ρsstarf = 0.7903 ± 0.0054 g cm-3, all measured with fractional uncertainties of only a few percent. Models of Kepler-68b suggest that it is likely composed of rock and water, or has a H and He envelope to yield its density ~3 g cm-3.

KW - planetary systems

KW - stars: fundamental parameters

KW - stars: individual: Kepler-68 KIC 11295426 2MASS J19240775+4902249

U2 - 10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

DO - 10.1088/0004-637X/766/1/40

M3 - Journal article

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 766

SP - 40

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

ER -

Kepler-68: Three Planets, One with a Density between that of Earth and Ice Giants

Abstract

Keywords

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