Abstract
The twentieth century stands out as the pinnacle era for permanent magnets (PM), witnessing a remarkable evolution in their capabilities. The evolution initiated with magnetic iron bars and horseshoes, ultimately reaching a peak with the ubiquitous integration of rare-earth (RE) and hard ferrite magnets, now indispensable in everyday items. From the 1960s onward, the emergence of RE magnets, such as Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B, has enabled their incorporation into hybrid electric vehicles and wind turbines, showcasing noteworthy progress in magnet technology. However, challenges in terms of supply chain reliability, economic feasibility, and environmental implications pose potential obstacles that may eclipse the benefits of high-performance RE magnets. The growing demand for PMs, coupled with challenges related to RE supplies, has prompted global efforts to develop next-generation magnets with reduced RE content or to explore innovative technologies based on non-RE magnets. This signifies a crucial shift toward sustainable and diversified magnetic solutions. Researchers are strategically overcoming PM limitations, aiming to optimize the efficient use of available RE resources. This review provides an overview of various PM types, encompassing both RE and non-RE magnets. It delves into the historical milestones and recent progress of PM materials, with a specific focus on their magnetic properties.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 110538 |
| Journal | Materials Today Communications |
| Volume | 41 |
| ISSN | 2352-4928 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2024 |
Keywords
- 1:12 type
- Alnico
- Coercivity
- FeSe
- Hexaferrites
- L1-FeNi
- L1-FePt
- L1-MnAl
- L1-MnGa
- Magnetic anisotropy
- Magnetization
- Maximum energy product
- MnBi
- Nd-Fe-B
- Non-rare-earth magnets
- Permanent magnets
- Rare-earth magnets
- Sm-Co
- Sm-Fe-N
- α′′-FeN