Hardware Design and Implementation of Multiagent MLP Regression for the Estimation of Gunshot Direction on IoBT Edge Gateway

TY - JOUR

T1 - Hardware Design and Implementation of Multiagent MLP Regression for the Estimation of Gunshot Direction on IoBT Edge Gateway

AU - Gaikwad, Nikhil B.

AU - Khare, Smith K.

AU - Ugale, Hrishikesh

AU - Mendhe, Dinesh

AU - Tiwari, Varun

AU - Bajaj, Varun

AU - Keskar, Avinash G.

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - The advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and state-of-the-art computing techniques are the main pillars of the next-generation defense technology. The Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) with edge intelligence offers new opportunities for defense professionals for smart and effective military operations. The IoBT network connects soldiers by placing smart sensors on armor, weapons, bodies, and surroundings. This article presents a novel edge intelligence-based estimation of gunshot direction from the sensor-enabled glove for smart IoBT wearables. A multiagent multilayer perceptron (MA-MLP) and other regression models are developed and tested on the experimental dataset collected during this study. The MA-MLP model consists of two distinct MLP networks and a fusion block to estimate the gunshot direction. This article demonstrates the effect of multiple subjects, sensor positions, and gun material on the mean absolute error (MAE) of MA-MLP prediction. The software simulation results show that our proposed MA-MLP model has outperformed traditional machine-learning techniques such as linear regression (LR), SVM, and MLP with an MAE of 4.09°. Two different hardware designs, that is, intellectual property (IP) cores of the pretrained MA-MLP model are implemented and tested on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for a system on a chip (SoC)-based edge gateway. The first IP core requires 280 ns with a power consumption of 354 milliwatts, while the second IP core requires 380 ns with 178 milliwatts power consumption per inference. Prediction accuracy (PA) of 97.48% with a reduction of throughput to 92.2% is achieved for both IP cores. This work is one of the first attempts to implement FPGA-based edge intelligence for IoBT wearables. The short computation time, low power consumption, small footprint, significant throughput reduction, desired accuracy, and processor offloading are achieved by both flexible hardware models designed explicitly for edge intelligence.

AB - The advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and state-of-the-art computing techniques are the main pillars of the next-generation defense technology. The Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) with edge intelligence offers new opportunities for defense professionals for smart and effective military operations. The IoBT network connects soldiers by placing smart sensors on armor, weapons, bodies, and surroundings. This article presents a novel edge intelligence-based estimation of gunshot direction from the sensor-enabled glove for smart IoBT wearables. A multiagent multilayer perceptron (MA-MLP) and other regression models are developed and tested on the experimental dataset collected during this study. The MA-MLP model consists of two distinct MLP networks and a fusion block to estimate the gunshot direction. This article demonstrates the effect of multiple subjects, sensor positions, and gun material on the mean absolute error (MAE) of MA-MLP prediction. The software simulation results show that our proposed MA-MLP model has outperformed traditional machine-learning techniques such as linear regression (LR), SVM, and MLP with an MAE of 4.09°. Two different hardware designs, that is, intellectual property (IP) cores of the pretrained MA-MLP model are implemented and tested on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for a system on a chip (SoC)-based edge gateway. The first IP core requires 280 ns with a power consumption of 354 milliwatts, while the second IP core requires 380 ns with 178 milliwatts power consumption per inference. Prediction accuracy (PA) of 97.48% with a reduction of throughput to 92.2% is achieved for both IP cores. This work is one of the first attempts to implement FPGA-based edge intelligence for IoBT wearables. The short computation time, low power consumption, small footprint, significant throughput reduction, desired accuracy, and processor offloading are achieved by both flexible hardware models designed explicitly for edge intelligence.

KW - Edge intelligence

KW - field programmable gate array (FPGA)

KW - gunshot direction

KW - Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT)

KW - multiagent systems

KW - multilayer perceptron

KW - smart glove

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85161019721&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3278748

DO - 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3278748

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85161019721

SN - 1530-437X

VL - 23

SP - 14549

EP - 14557

JO - IEEE Sensors Journal

JF - IEEE Sensors Journal

IS - 13

ER -