The development of technology has led to significant advances in applied research methods in the cognitive sciences. Eye tracking (oculography) is among the methods available for studying human behavior and its underlying cerebral mechanisms and cognitive processes and is a method for recording and analyzing oculomotor activity in real time. This review addresses the use of eye tracking in cognitive research both separately and in combination with electroencephalography, i.e., analysis of event-related potentials (ERP). Eye tracking will also be discussed in terms of its use in language research, from the study of comprehension and sentence construction to second language studies and bilingualism. Finally, the review will consider the parallel recording of eye movements and ERP. The review will draw attention not only to the strengths of the eye tracking technique, but also to studies which we believe can be addressed by using parallel recording of oculomotor activity and the EEG.