Experimental validation of a hybrid 1-D multi-node model of a hot water thermal energy storage tank

TY - JOUR

T1 - Experimental validation of a hybrid 1-D multi-node model of a hot water thermal energy storage tank

AU - De la Cruz-Loredo, Iván

AU - Zinsmeister, Daniel

AU - Licklederer, Thomas

AU - Ugalde-Loo, Carlos E.

AU - Morales, Daniel A.

AU - Bastida, Héctor

AU - Perić, Vedran S.

AU - Saleem, Arslan

N1 - Funding Information: The work presented was partly funded by the Mexican government through the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) . The work was also supported by FLEXIS—a project part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Welsh Government (WEFO case number 80 836) and by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) , UK Research and Innovation, through the projects ‘Flexibility from Cooling and Storage (Flex-Cool-Store)’ under grant EP/V042505/1 , and ‘ Multi-energy Control of Cyber-Physical Urban Energy Systems (MC2)’ under grant EP/T021969/1 . The work of Thomas Licklederer and Daniel Zinsmeister was supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Germany ( FKZ: 03EN3032 ). The work of Vedran S. Perić was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany ( FKZ: 450821044 ). The construction of the CoSES laboratory was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany ( FKZ: 350746631 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)

PY - 2023/2/15

Y1 - 2023/2/15

N2 - Hot water-based thermal energy storage (TES) tanks are extensively used in heating applications to provide operational flexibility. Simple yet effective one-dimensional (1-D) tank models are desirable to simulate and design efficient energy management systems. However, the standard multi-node modelling approach struggles to reproduce the dynamics of highly thermally stratified tanks due to their artificial numerical diffusion. In this paper, a novel 1-D multi-node modelling approach is introduced for accurately simulating water tanks with a high extent of thermal stratification. A non-linear, hybrid continuous–discrete time model able to capture the sudden temperature change within the tank is presented. The modelling approach was adopted to simulate a commercial TES tank, with the model being implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Results from experimental tests were compared with simulation results, demonstrating that a hybrid continuous–discrete 12-node model accurately estimates the temperatures of the tank. It is also shown that the hybrid model avoids the numerical diffusion exhibited by standard multi-node models. This has been evidenced by the reduced root mean square and mean absolute errors exhibited by the hybrid model when compared with the experimental data.

AB - Hot water-based thermal energy storage (TES) tanks are extensively used in heating applications to provide operational flexibility. Simple yet effective one-dimensional (1-D) tank models are desirable to simulate and design efficient energy management systems. However, the standard multi-node modelling approach struggles to reproduce the dynamics of highly thermally stratified tanks due to their artificial numerical diffusion. In this paper, a novel 1-D multi-node modelling approach is introduced for accurately simulating water tanks with a high extent of thermal stratification. A non-linear, hybrid continuous–discrete time model able to capture the sudden temperature change within the tank is presented. The modelling approach was adopted to simulate a commercial TES tank, with the model being implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Results from experimental tests were compared with simulation results, demonstrating that a hybrid continuous–discrete 12-node model accurately estimates the temperatures of the tank. It is also shown that the hybrid model avoids the numerical diffusion exhibited by standard multi-node models. This has been evidenced by the reduced root mean square and mean absolute errors exhibited by the hybrid model when compared with the experimental data.

KW - Dynamic systems modelling

KW - Energy systems

KW - Heating systems

KW - Hot water tanks

KW - Thermal energy storage

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144943174&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120556

DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120556

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85144943174

SN - 0306-2619

VL - 332

JO - Applied Energy

JF - Applied Energy

M1 - 120556

ER -