Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions

Ida Schnack Eg Gadegaard; Camilla Mørch Madsen; Pernille Moldrup Johansen; Jan Trige Rasmussen

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.106091

Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions

Ida Schnack Eg Gadegaard
, Camilla Mørch Madsen
, Pernille Moldrup Johansen
, Jan Trige Rasmussen^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Cellular Health, Intervention, and Nutrition

Research output: Contribution to journal/Conference contribution in journal/Contribution to newspaper › Journal article › Research › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Mammal enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase exists in two interconvertible forms, with oxidase dominating in milk. Initially, the enzyme was affiliated to the milk fat globule membrane, but it is more widely distributed. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase is involved in purine catabolism, but accumulated evidence reveals a much more complex and versatile role in milk, prompting the need for more accurate knowledge about its fractional presence. The content and activity of xanthine oxidase were estimated in a wide range of bovine milk fractions, with 220 mg L⁻¹ and 3.93 U g⁻¹ protein in whole milk, respectively. Besides buttermilk and fat globule membrane, high amounts of xanthine oxidase activity were found in extracellular vesicles and whey. Inclusion of detergent was shown to be important for release of all embedded xanthine oxidase activity. Finally, the conducted experiments disclosed effects of different storage conditions on the enzymatic integrity, showing that storage at −20 °C is not recommendable.

Original language	English
Article number	106091
Journal	International Dairy Journal
Volume	160
ISSN	0958-6946
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.106091
Publication status	Published - Jan 2025

Keywords

Extracellular vesicles
Milk fat globule membrane
Xanthine oxidase

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title = "Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions",

abstract = "Mammal enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase exists in two interconvertible forms, with oxidase dominating in milk. Initially, the enzyme was affiliated to the milk fat globule membrane, but it is more widely distributed. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase is involved in purine catabolism, but accumulated evidence reveals a much more complex and versatile role in milk, prompting the need for more accurate knowledge about its fractional presence. The content and activity of xanthine oxidase were estimated in a wide range of bovine milk fractions, with 220 mg L−1 and 3.93 U g−1 protein in whole milk, respectively. Besides buttermilk and fat globule membrane, high amounts of xanthine oxidase activity were found in extracellular vesicles and whey. Inclusion of detergent was shown to be important for release of all embedded xanthine oxidase activity. Finally, the conducted experiments disclosed effects of different storage conditions on the enzymatic integrity, showing that storage at −20 °C is not recommendable.",

keywords = "Extracellular vesicles, Milk fat globule membrane, Xanthine oxidase",

author = "Gadegaard, \{Ida Schnack Eg\} and Madsen, \{Camilla M{\o}rch\} and Johansen, \{Pernille Moldrup\} and Rasmussen, \{Jan Trige\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2025",

month = jan,

doi = "10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.106091",

language = "English",

volume = "160",

journal = "International Dairy Journal",

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Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions. / Gadegaard, Ida Schnack Eg; Madsen, Camilla Mørch; Johansen, Pernille Moldrup et al.
In: International Dairy Journal, Vol. 160, 106091, 01.2025.

Research output: Contribution to journal/Conference contribution in journal/Contribution to newspaper › Journal article › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions

AU - Gadegaard, Ida Schnack Eg

AU - Madsen, Camilla Mørch

AU - Johansen, Pernille Moldrup

AU - Rasmussen, Jan Trige

PY - 2025/1

Y1 - 2025/1

N2 - Mammal enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase exists in two interconvertible forms, with oxidase dominating in milk. Initially, the enzyme was affiliated to the milk fat globule membrane, but it is more widely distributed. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase is involved in purine catabolism, but accumulated evidence reveals a much more complex and versatile role in milk, prompting the need for more accurate knowledge about its fractional presence. The content and activity of xanthine oxidase were estimated in a wide range of bovine milk fractions, with 220 mg L−1 and 3.93 U g−1 protein in whole milk, respectively. Besides buttermilk and fat globule membrane, high amounts of xanthine oxidase activity were found in extracellular vesicles and whey. Inclusion of detergent was shown to be important for release of all embedded xanthine oxidase activity. Finally, the conducted experiments disclosed effects of different storage conditions on the enzymatic integrity, showing that storage at −20 °C is not recommendable.

AB - Mammal enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase exists in two interconvertible forms, with oxidase dominating in milk. Initially, the enzyme was affiliated to the milk fat globule membrane, but it is more widely distributed. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase is involved in purine catabolism, but accumulated evidence reveals a much more complex and versatile role in milk, prompting the need for more accurate knowledge about its fractional presence. The content and activity of xanthine oxidase were estimated in a wide range of bovine milk fractions, with 220 mg L−1 and 3.93 U g−1 protein in whole milk, respectively. Besides buttermilk and fat globule membrane, high amounts of xanthine oxidase activity were found in extracellular vesicles and whey. Inclusion of detergent was shown to be important for release of all embedded xanthine oxidase activity. Finally, the conducted experiments disclosed effects of different storage conditions on the enzymatic integrity, showing that storage at −20 °C is not recommendable.

KW - Extracellular vesicles

KW - Milk fat globule membrane

KW - Xanthine oxidase

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85204344343

U2 - 10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.106091

DO - 10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.106091

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85204344343

SN - 0958-6946

VL - 160

JO - International Dairy Journal

JF - International Dairy Journal

M1 - 106091

ER -

Distribution, activity, and storage of xanthine oxidase in bovine milk fractions

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Keywords

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