Dietary Minerals and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes among Never-Smokers in a Danish Case–Cohort Study

Victoria Fruh*, Tesleem Babalola, Clara Sears, Gregory A. Wellenius, Thomas F. Webster, Koren K. Mann, James Harrington, Anne Tjønneland, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Birgit Claus Henn, Jaymie R. Meliker

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal/Conference contribution in journal/Contribution to newspaperJournal articleResearchpeer-review

Abstract

Background: Diet is known to impact cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but evidence for the essential minerals of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) is inconsistent. Methods: We conducted a case–cohort study within a non-smoking subgroup of the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, a prospective study of 50–64-year-olds recruited between 1993–1997. We identified incident heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke cases through 2015 with an 1135-member subcohort. We measured the dietary intake of minerals, also known as elements, and calculated a combined dietary intake (CDI) score based on joint Ca, Mg and K intakes (mg/d) from Food Frequency Questionnaires. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Most HRs examining associations between CDI score and CVD were null. However, the third quartile of CDI was associated with a lower risk for heart failure (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.17), AMI (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.04), and stroke (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88). Conclusions: We did not find consistent evidence to suggest that higher levels of essential minerals are associated with incident HF, AMI, and stroke, though results suggest a potential U-shaped relationship between select minerals and CVD outcomes.

Original languageEnglish
Article number932
JournalInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Volume21
Issue7
ISSN1661-7827
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2024

Keywords

  • cardiovascular disease
  • cardiovascular epidemiology
  • dietary intake
  • elements
  • minerals
  • nutrients

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