TY - JOUR
T1 - Combatting Online Hate
T2 - Crowd-Moderation and the Public Goods Problem
AU - Hansen, Tanja Marie
AU - Lindekilde, Lasse
AU - Karg, Simon Tobias Schulz
AU - Petersen, Michael Bang
AU - Rasmussen, Stig Hebbelstrup Rye
PY - 2024/9/30
Y1 - 2024/9/30
N2 - Hate is widespread online, hits everyone, and carries negative consequences. Crowd moderation - user-assisted moderation through, e.g., reporting or counter-speech - is heralded as a potential remedy. We explore this potential by linking insights on online bystander interventions to the analogy of crowd moderation as a (lost) public good. We argue that the distribution of costs and benefits of engaging in crowd moderation forecasts a collective action problem. If the individual crowd member has limited incentive to react when witnessing hate, crowd moderation is unlikely to manifest. We explore this argument empirically, investigating several preregistered hypotheses about the distribution of individual-level costs and benefits of response options to online hate using a large, nationally representative survey of Danish social media users (N = 24,996). In line with expectations, we find that bystander reactions, especially costly reactions, are rare. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation between exposure to online hate and withdrawal motivations, and a negative (n-shaped) correlation with bystander reactions.
AB - Hate is widespread online, hits everyone, and carries negative consequences. Crowd moderation - user-assisted moderation through, e.g., reporting or counter-speech - is heralded as a potential remedy. We explore this potential by linking insights on online bystander interventions to the analogy of crowd moderation as a (lost) public good. We argue that the distribution of costs and benefits of engaging in crowd moderation forecasts a collective action problem. If the individual crowd member has limited incentive to react when witnessing hate, crowd moderation is unlikely to manifest. We explore this argument empirically, investigating several preregistered hypotheses about the distribution of individual-level costs and benefits of response options to online hate using a large, nationally representative survey of Danish social media users (N = 24,996). In line with expectations, we find that bystander reactions, especially costly reactions, are rare. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation between exposure to online hate and withdrawal motivations, and a negative (n-shaped) correlation with bystander reactions.
KW - bystander
KW - counter-speech
KW - crowd moderation
KW - hate speech
KW - public goods
KW - reporting
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85203493217&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1515/commun-2023-0109
DO - 10.1515/commun-2023-0109
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0341-2059
VL - 49
SP - 444
EP - 467
JO - Communications
JF - Communications
IS - 3
ER -