Abstract
The concepts of cognitive efficiency (CE) and expertise-dependent automaticity are central to the understanding of cognitive adaptations related to bilingual experiences. This study examined their behavioral manifestations in bilingual young adults by manipulating the cognitive load of a working memory task; the possibility to manipulate the difficulty of a cognitive task is necessary to observe behavioral outcomes associated with CE and automaticity. To this end, participants completed an n-back task ranging in difficulty from 0-back to 3-back, with the 3-back condition being commonly recognized as being a highly cognitively demanding one. We aimed to determine whether degree of bilingual experience could predict performance outcomes – accuracy, reaction times, and the speed/accuracy tradeoff – reflecting bilingualism's putative dynamic impact on CE and automaticity in working memory. The results showed a positive relationship between degree of bilingual experience and working memory performance, particularly when the task-induced cognitive load increased. More experienced bilinguals demonstrated a smaller decline in performance when task difficulty intensified, a behavioral manifestation compatible with increased CE. Additionally, a relationship with expertise-dependent automaticity emerged, with the speed/accuracy tradeoff trajectory unfolding differentially across varying task difficulties at different degrees of bilingual experience.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 106308 |
| Journal | Brain and Cognition |
| Volume | 187 |
| ISSN | 0278-2626 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jul 2025 |
Keywords
- Bilingual experience
- Cognitive efficiency
- Expertise-dependent automaticity
- Working memory