Breaking Barriers: Animal viruses as oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agents for human cancers

Sabahat Gazal; Sundus Gazal; Paviter Kaur; Anvesha Bhan; David Olagnier

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238

Breaking Barriers: Animal viruses as oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agents for human cancers

Sabahat Gazal, Sundus Gazal^*, Paviter Kaur, Anvesha Bhan, David Olagnier^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Biomedicine - Physiology and Biophysics

Research output: Contribution to journal/Conference contribution in journal/Contribution to newspaper › Review › Research › peer-review

2 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Oncolytic viruses, defined as viruses capable of lysing cancer cells, emerged as a groundbreaking class of therapeutic entities poised to revolutionize cancer treatment. Their mode of action encompasses both direct tumor cell lysis and the indirect enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, four leading contenders in this domain, Rigvir® in Latvia, T-VEC in the United States, H101 in China and Teserpaturev (DELYTACT®) in Japan, have earned approval for treating metastatic melanoma (Rigvir and T-VEC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and malignant glioma, respectively. Despite these notable advancements, the integration of oncolytic viruses into cancer therapy encounters several challenges. Foremost among these hurdles is the considerable variability observed in clinical responses to oncolytic virus interventions. Moreover, the adaptive immune system may inadvertently target the oncolytic viruses themselves, diverting immune resources away from tumor antigens and undermining therapeutic efficacy. Another significant limitation arises from the presence of preexisting immunity against oncolytic viruses in certain patient populations, hampering treatment outcomes. To circumvent this obstacle, researchers are investigating the utilization of animal viruses, for which humans lack preexisting immunity, as a compelling alternative to human-derived counterparts. In our comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate nuances of oncolytic virotherapy, elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which these viruses exert their anti-cancer effects. Furthermore, we provide a thorough examination of animal-derived oncolytic viruses, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Lastly, we explore the promising potential of leveraging animal viruses as potent oncolytic agents, offering new avenues for enhancing the efficacy and reach of human cancer therapeutics.

Original language	English
Article number	110238
Journal	Virology
Volume	600
ISSN	0042-6822
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238
Publication status	Published - Dec 2024

Keywords

Animal viruses
Cancer
H101
Newcastle disease virus
Oncolytic viruses
T-VEC
Vesicular stomatitis virus

Access to Document

10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238Licence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{d657a0dab5834ac983f34ec3005a55aa,

title = "Breaking Barriers: Animal viruses as oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agents for human cancers",

abstract = "Oncolytic viruses, defined as viruses capable of lysing cancer cells, emerged as a groundbreaking class of therapeutic entities poised to revolutionize cancer treatment. Their mode of action encompasses both direct tumor cell lysis and the indirect enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, four leading contenders in this domain, Rigvir{\textregistered} in Latvia, T-VEC in the United States, H101 in China and Teserpaturev (DELYTACT{\textregistered}) in Japan, have earned approval for treating metastatic melanoma (Rigvir and T-VEC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and malignant glioma, respectively. Despite these notable advancements, the integration of oncolytic viruses into cancer therapy encounters several challenges. Foremost among these hurdles is the considerable variability observed in clinical responses to oncolytic virus interventions. Moreover, the adaptive immune system may inadvertently target the oncolytic viruses themselves, diverting immune resources away from tumor antigens and undermining therapeutic efficacy. Another significant limitation arises from the presence of preexisting immunity against oncolytic viruses in certain patient populations, hampering treatment outcomes. To circumvent this obstacle, researchers are investigating the utilization of animal viruses, for which humans lack preexisting immunity, as a compelling alternative to human-derived counterparts. In our comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate nuances of oncolytic virotherapy, elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which these viruses exert their anti-cancer effects. Furthermore, we provide a thorough examination of animal-derived oncolytic viruses, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Lastly, we explore the promising potential of leveraging animal viruses as potent oncolytic agents, offering new avenues for enhancing the efficacy and reach of human cancer therapeutics.",

keywords = "Animal viruses, Cancer, H101, Newcastle disease virus, Oncolytic viruses, T-VEC, Vesicular stomatitis virus",

author = "Sabahat Gazal and Sundus Gazal and Paviter Kaur and Anvesha Bhan and David Olagnier",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Authors",

year = "2024",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238",

language = "English",

volume = "600",

journal = "Virology",

issn = "0042-6822",

publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Breaking Barriers

T2 - Animal viruses as oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agents for human cancers

AU - Gazal, Sabahat

AU - Gazal, Sundus

AU - Kaur, Paviter

AU - Bhan, Anvesha

AU - Olagnier, David

PY - 2024/12

Y1 - 2024/12

N2 - Oncolytic viruses, defined as viruses capable of lysing cancer cells, emerged as a groundbreaking class of therapeutic entities poised to revolutionize cancer treatment. Their mode of action encompasses both direct tumor cell lysis and the indirect enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, four leading contenders in this domain, Rigvir® in Latvia, T-VEC in the United States, H101 in China and Teserpaturev (DELYTACT®) in Japan, have earned approval for treating metastatic melanoma (Rigvir and T-VEC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and malignant glioma, respectively. Despite these notable advancements, the integration of oncolytic viruses into cancer therapy encounters several challenges. Foremost among these hurdles is the considerable variability observed in clinical responses to oncolytic virus interventions. Moreover, the adaptive immune system may inadvertently target the oncolytic viruses themselves, diverting immune resources away from tumor antigens and undermining therapeutic efficacy. Another significant limitation arises from the presence of preexisting immunity against oncolytic viruses in certain patient populations, hampering treatment outcomes. To circumvent this obstacle, researchers are investigating the utilization of animal viruses, for which humans lack preexisting immunity, as a compelling alternative to human-derived counterparts. In our comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate nuances of oncolytic virotherapy, elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which these viruses exert their anti-cancer effects. Furthermore, we provide a thorough examination of animal-derived oncolytic viruses, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Lastly, we explore the promising potential of leveraging animal viruses as potent oncolytic agents, offering new avenues for enhancing the efficacy and reach of human cancer therapeutics.

AB - Oncolytic viruses, defined as viruses capable of lysing cancer cells, emerged as a groundbreaking class of therapeutic entities poised to revolutionize cancer treatment. Their mode of action encompasses both direct tumor cell lysis and the indirect enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, four leading contenders in this domain, Rigvir® in Latvia, T-VEC in the United States, H101 in China and Teserpaturev (DELYTACT®) in Japan, have earned approval for treating metastatic melanoma (Rigvir and T-VEC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and malignant glioma, respectively. Despite these notable advancements, the integration of oncolytic viruses into cancer therapy encounters several challenges. Foremost among these hurdles is the considerable variability observed in clinical responses to oncolytic virus interventions. Moreover, the adaptive immune system may inadvertently target the oncolytic viruses themselves, diverting immune resources away from tumor antigens and undermining therapeutic efficacy. Another significant limitation arises from the presence of preexisting immunity against oncolytic viruses in certain patient populations, hampering treatment outcomes. To circumvent this obstacle, researchers are investigating the utilization of animal viruses, for which humans lack preexisting immunity, as a compelling alternative to human-derived counterparts. In our comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate nuances of oncolytic virotherapy, elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which these viruses exert their anti-cancer effects. Furthermore, we provide a thorough examination of animal-derived oncolytic viruses, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Lastly, we explore the promising potential of leveraging animal viruses as potent oncolytic agents, offering new avenues for enhancing the efficacy and reach of human cancer therapeutics.

KW - Animal viruses

KW - Cancer

KW - H101

KW - Newcastle disease virus

KW - Oncolytic viruses

KW - T-VEC

KW - Vesicular stomatitis virus

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85203880199&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238

DO - 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110238

M3 - Review

C2 - 39293238

AN - SCOPUS:85203880199

SN - 0042-6822

VL - 600

JO - Virology

JF - Virology

M1 - 110238

ER -

Breaking Barriers: Animal viruses as oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agents for human cancers

Abstract

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this