A deep-learning framework for enhancing habitat identification based on species composition

César Leblanc*, Pierre Bonnet, Maximilien Servajean, Milan Chytrý, Svetlana Aćić, Olivier Argagnon, Ariel Bergamini, Idoia Biurrun, Gianmaria Bonari, Juan A. Campos, Andraž Čarni, Renata Ćušterevska, Michele De Sanctis, Jürgen Dengler, Emmanuel Garbolino, Valentin Golub, Ute Jandt, Florian Jansen, Maria Lebedeva, Jonathan LenoirJesper Erenskjold Moeslund, Aaron Pérez-Haase, Remigiusz Pielech, Jozef Šibík, Zvjezdana Stančić, Angela Stanisci, Grzegorz Swacha, Domas Uogintas, Kiril Vassilev, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Alexis Joly

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal/Conference contribution in journal/Contribution to newspaperJournal articleResearchpeer-review

Abstract

Aims: The accurate classification of habitats is essential for effective biodiversity conservation. The goal of this study was to harness the potential of deep learning to advance habitat identification in Europe. We aimed to develop and evaluate models capable of assigning vegetation-plot records to the habitats of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS), a widely used reference framework for European habitat types. Location: The framework was designed for use in Europe and adjacent areas (e.g., Anatolia, Caucasus). Methods: We leveraged deep-learning techniques, such as transformers (i.e., models with attention components able to learn contextual relations between categorical and numerical features) that we trained using spatial k-fold cross-validation (CV) on vegetation plots sourced from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA), to show that they have great potential for classifying vegetation-plot records. We tested different network architectures, feature encodings, hyperparameter tuning and noise addition strategies to identify the optimal model. We used an independent test set from the National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS) to evaluate its performance and compare its results against the traditional expert systems. Results: Exploration of the use of deep learning applied to species composition and plot-location criteria for habitat classification led to the development of a framework containing a wide range of models. Our selected algorithm, applied to European habitat types, significantly improved habitat classification accuracy, achieving a more than twofold improvement compared to the previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) method on an external data set, clearly outperforming expert systems. The framework is shared and maintained through a GitHub repository. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the potential benefits of the adoption of deep learning for improving the accuracy of vegetation classification. They highlight the importance of incorporating advanced technologies into habitat monitoring. These algorithms have shown to be better suited for habitat type prediction than expert systems. They push the accuracy score on a database containing hundreds of thousands of standardized presence/absence European surveys to 88.74%, as assessed by expert judgment. Finally, our results showcase that species dominance is a strong marker of ecosystems and that the exact cover abundance of the flora is not required to train neural networks with predictive performances. The framework we developed can be used by researchers and practitioners to accurately classify habitats.

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere12802
JournalApplied Vegetation Science
Volume27
Issue3
ISSN1402-2001
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2024

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • biodiversity monitoring
  • deep learning
  • European flora
  • expert system
  • habitat type identification
  • phytosociology
  • species composition
  • vascular plants
  • vegetation classification

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'A deep-learning framework for enhancing habitat identification based on species composition'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this