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Fractional cascading is one of the influential and important techniques in data structures, as it provides a general framework for solving a common important problem: The iterative search problem. In the problem, the input is a graph G with constant degree. Also as input, we are given a set of values for every vertex of G. The goal is to preprocess G such that when we are given a query value q, and a connected subgraph pi of G, we can find the predecessor of q in all the sets associated with the vertices of pi. The fundamental result of fractional cascading, by Chazelle and Guibas, is that there exists a data structure that uses linear space and it can answer queries in O(log n+ vert pi vert) time, at essentially constant time per predecessor [15]. While this technique has received plenty of attention in the past decades, an almost quadratic space lower bound for'two-dimensional fractional cascading' by Chazelle and Liu in STOC 2001 [17] has convinced the researchers that fractional cascading is fundamentally a one-dimensional technique. In two-dimensional fractional cascading, the input includes a planar subdivision for every vertex of G and the query is a point q and a subgraph pi and the goal is to locate the cell containing q in all the subdivisions associated with the vertices of pi. In this paper, we show that it is actually possible to circumvent the lower bound of Chazelle and Liu for axis-aligned planar subdivisions. We present a number of upper and lower bounds which reveal that in two-dimensions, the problem has a much richer structure. When G is a tree and pi is a path, then queries can be answered in O(log n+ vert pi vert + min {vert pi vert sqrt{log n},alpha(n) sqrt{vert pi vert} log n }) time using linear space where alpha is an inverse Ackermann function; surprisingly, we show both branches of this bound are tight, up to the inverse Ackermann factor. When G is a general graph or when pi is a general subgraph, then the query bound becomes O(log n+ vert pi vert sqrt{log n}) and this bound is once again tight in both cases.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 61st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS 2020 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Publisher | IEEE |
Publication year | Nov 2020 |
Pages | 716-727 |
Article number | 9317953 |
ISBN (Electronic) | 9781728196213 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Nov 2020 |
Event | 61st IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS 2020 - Virtual, Durham, United States Duration: 16 Nov 2020 → 19 Nov 2020 |
Conference | 61st IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS 2020 |
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Land | United States |
By | Virtual, Durham |
Periode | 16/11/2020 → 19/11/2020 |
Sponsor | IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing |
Series | Proceedings - Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS |
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Volume | 2020-November |
ISSN | 0272-5428 |
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 IEEE.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
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