Jørgen Frøkiær

While there is evidence that sex hormones influence multiple systems involved in salt and water homeostasis, the question of whether sex hormones regulate aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and thus water handling by the collecting duct has been largely ignored. Accordingly, the present study investigated AQP2 expression, localization and renal water handling in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, with and without estradiol or progesterone replacement. OVX resulted in a significant increase in urine osmolality and increase in p256-AQP2 in the renal cortex at 7 days post-OVX, as well as induced body weight changes. Relative to OVX alone, estradiol repletion produced a significant increase in urine output, normalized urinary osmolality and reduced both total AQP2 (protein and mRNA) and p256-AQP2 expression, whereas progesterone repletion had little effect. Direct effects of estradiol on AQP2 mRNA and protein levels were further tested in vitro using the mpkCCD principal cell line. Estradiol treatment of mpkCCD cells reduced AQP2 at both the mRNA and protein level in the absence of deamino-8-d-AVP (dDAVP) and significantly blunted the dDAVP-induced increase in AQP2 at the protein level only. We determined that mpkCCD and native mouse collecting ducts express both estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ and that female mice lacking ERα displayed significant increases in AQP2 protein compared with wild-type littermates, implicating ERα in mediating the inhibitory effect of estradiol on AQP2 expression. These findings suggest that changes in estradiol levels, such as during menopause or following reproductive surgeries, may contribute to dysregulation of water homeostasis in women.