TY - JOUR
T1 - White blood cell counts, ratios, and C-reactive protein among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and associations with long-term outcomes
T2 - A Population-Based study
AU - Llorca-Bofí, Vicent
AU - Vogdrup Petersen, Liselotte
AU - Mortensen, Preben Bo
AU - Benros, Michael E
N1 - Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2024/11
Y1 - 2024/11
N2 - Background: Immune mechanisms are associated with adverse outcomes in schizophrenia; however, the predictive value of various peripheral immune biomarkers has not been collectively investigated in a large cohort before. Objective: To investigate how white blood cell (WBC) counts, ratios, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels influence the long-term outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Methods: We identified all adults in the Central Denmark Region during 1994–2013 with a measurement of WBC counts and/or CRP at first diagnosis of SSD. WBC ratios were calculated, and both WBC counts and ratios were quartile-categorized (Q4 upper quartile). We followed these individuals from first diagnosis until outcome of interest (death, treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions), emigration or December 31, 2016, using Cox regression analysis to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Results: Among 6,845 participants, 375 (5.5 %) died, 477 (6.9 %) exhibited treatment resistance, and 1470 (21.5 %) were readmitted during follow-up. Elevated baseline levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR, MLR, and CRP increased the risk of death, whereas higher levels of lymphocytes, platelets, and PLR were associated with lower risk. ROC analysis identified CRP as the strongest predictor for mortality (AUC=0.84). Moreover, elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR and MLR were associated with treatment resistance. Lastly, higher platelet counts decreased the risk of psychiatric readmissions, while elevated LLR increased this risk. Conclusions: Elevated levels of WBC counts, ratios, and CRP at the initial diagnosis of SSD are associated with mortality, with CRP demonstrating the highest predictive value. Additionally, certain WBC counts and ratios are associated with treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions.
AB - Background: Immune mechanisms are associated with adverse outcomes in schizophrenia; however, the predictive value of various peripheral immune biomarkers has not been collectively investigated in a large cohort before. Objective: To investigate how white blood cell (WBC) counts, ratios, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels influence the long-term outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Methods: We identified all adults in the Central Denmark Region during 1994–2013 with a measurement of WBC counts and/or CRP at first diagnosis of SSD. WBC ratios were calculated, and both WBC counts and ratios were quartile-categorized (Q4 upper quartile). We followed these individuals from first diagnosis until outcome of interest (death, treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions), emigration or December 31, 2016, using Cox regression analysis to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Results: Among 6,845 participants, 375 (5.5 %) died, 477 (6.9 %) exhibited treatment resistance, and 1470 (21.5 %) were readmitted during follow-up. Elevated baseline levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR, MLR, and CRP increased the risk of death, whereas higher levels of lymphocytes, platelets, and PLR were associated with lower risk. ROC analysis identified CRP as the strongest predictor for mortality (AUC=0.84). Moreover, elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, LLR, NLR and MLR were associated with treatment resistance. Lastly, higher platelet counts decreased the risk of psychiatric readmissions, while elevated LLR increased this risk. Conclusions: Elevated levels of WBC counts, ratios, and CRP at the initial diagnosis of SSD are associated with mortality, with CRP demonstrating the highest predictive value. Additionally, certain WBC counts and ratios are associated with treatment resistance and psychiatric readmissions.
KW - C-reactive protein
KW - Mortality
KW - Schizophrenia
KW - Treatment resistance
KW - White blood cell counts
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85201004499&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.041
DO - 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.041
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 39097201
SN - 0889-1591
VL - 122
SP - 18
EP - 26
JO - Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
JF - Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
ER -