Watermarking-Based Defense Mechanism in LFC of Electricity Grids Compromised by Covert Attacks

TY - JOUR

T1 - Watermarking-Based Defense Mechanism in LFC of Electricity Grids Compromised by Covert Attacks

AU - Oshnoei, Soroush

AU - Aghamohammadi, Mohammad Reza

AU - Heidary, Jalal

AU - Khooban, Mohammad Hassan

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - This brief focuses on improving the load frequency control (LFC) performance of a multi-area power system compromised by covert attacks. In this regard, a novel detection technique based on the multiplicative watermarking and Luenberger observer is developed to identify covert attacks applied to the system. In the presented detection strategy, a special watermark generator filter produces a dummy signal on the original signal transmitted through the insecure communication channels. In addition, there is a watermark equalization filter at the end of the communication channel, which cancels out the impact of the watermark signal, resulting in the recovery of the original signal. A PI controller tuned by the deep reinforcement learning algorithm and dependent on the Luenberger observer is utilized as the secondary frequency control strategy to mitigate the impacts of the convert attacks. The OPAL-RT real-time emulator-based results show the proposed defense strategy successfully detects and mitigates the covert attacks imposed on the system.

AB - This brief focuses on improving the load frequency control (LFC) performance of a multi-area power system compromised by covert attacks. In this regard, a novel detection technique based on the multiplicative watermarking and Luenberger observer is developed to identify covert attacks applied to the system. In the presented detection strategy, a special watermark generator filter produces a dummy signal on the original signal transmitted through the insecure communication channels. In addition, there is a watermark equalization filter at the end of the communication channel, which cancels out the impact of the watermark signal, resulting in the recovery of the original signal. A PI controller tuned by the deep reinforcement learning algorithm and dependent on the Luenberger observer is utilized as the secondary frequency control strategy to mitigate the impacts of the convert attacks. The OPAL-RT real-time emulator-based results show the proposed defense strategy successfully detects and mitigates the covert attacks imposed on the system.

KW - Computer crime

KW - Frequency control

KW - Generators

KW - Load frequency control

KW - Luenberger observer

KW - Observers

KW - Power system stability

KW - Vectors

KW - Watermarking

KW - covert attacks

KW - deep reinforcement learning

KW - multi-area power system

KW - multiplicative watermarking

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85192168950

U2 - 10.1109/TCSII.2024.3396734

DO - 10.1109/TCSII.2024.3396734

M3 - Journal article

SN - 1549-7747

VL - 71

SP - 4576

EP - 4580

JO - IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

JF - IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

IS - 10

ER -