TY - JOUR
T1 - Unmasking immune sensing of retroviruses
T2 - interplay between innate sensors and host effectors
AU - van Montfoort, Nadine
AU - Olagnier, David
AU - Hiscott, John
N1 - Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2014/12
Y1 - 2014/12
N2 - Retroviruses can selectively trigger an array of innate immune responses through various PRR. The identification and the characterization of the molecular basis of retroviral DNA sensing by the DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS has been one of the most exciting developments in viral immunology in recent years. DNA sensing by these cytosolic sensors not only leads to the initiation of the type I interferon (IFN) antiviral response and the induction of the inflammatory response, but also triggers cell death mechanisms including pyroptosis and apoptosis in retrovirus-infected cells, thereby providing important insights into the pathophysiology of chronic retroviral infection. Host restriction factors such as SAMHD1 and Trex1 play important roles in regulating innate immune sensing, and have led to the idea that innate immune defense and host restriction actually converge at different levels to determine the outcome of retroviral infection. In this review, we discuss the sensing of retroviruses by cytosolic DNA sensors, the relevance of host factors during retroviral infection, and the interplay between host factors and the innate antiviral response in different cell types, within the context of two human pathogenic retroviruses - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T cell-leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1).
AB - Retroviruses can selectively trigger an array of innate immune responses through various PRR. The identification and the characterization of the molecular basis of retroviral DNA sensing by the DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS has been one of the most exciting developments in viral immunology in recent years. DNA sensing by these cytosolic sensors not only leads to the initiation of the type I interferon (IFN) antiviral response and the induction of the inflammatory response, but also triggers cell death mechanisms including pyroptosis and apoptosis in retrovirus-infected cells, thereby providing important insights into the pathophysiology of chronic retroviral infection. Host restriction factors such as SAMHD1 and Trex1 play important roles in regulating innate immune sensing, and have led to the idea that innate immune defense and host restriction actually converge at different levels to determine the outcome of retroviral infection. In this review, we discuss the sensing of retroviruses by cytosolic DNA sensors, the relevance of host factors during retroviral infection, and the interplay between host factors and the innate antiviral response in different cell types, within the context of two human pathogenic retroviruses - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T cell-leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1).
KW - Animals
KW - Exodeoxyribonucleases/genetics
KW - HIV Infections/genetics
KW - HIV-1/genetics
KW - HTLV-I Infections/genetics
KW - Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
KW - Humans
KW - Immunity, Innate
KW - Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
KW - Nuclear Proteins/genetics
KW - Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics
KW - Phosphoproteins/genetics
KW - SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1
U2 - 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.006
DO - 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.006
M3 - Review
C2 - 25240798
SN - 1359-6101
VL - 25
SP - 657
EP - 668
JO - Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
JF - Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
IS - 6
ER -