TY - JOUR

T1 - Thresholds for noise induced hearing loss in harbor porpoises and phocid seals

AU - Tougaard, Jakob

AU - Beedholm, Kristian

AU - Madsen, Peter T.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Author(s).

PY - 2022/6

Y1 - 2022/6

N2 - Intense sound sources, such as pile driving, airguns, and military sonars, have the potential to inflict hearing loss in marine mammals and are, therefore, regulated in many countries. The most recent criteria for noise induced hearing loss are based on empirical data collected until 2015 and recommend frequency-weighted and species group-specific thresholds to predict the onset of temporary threshold shift (TTS). Here, evidence made available after 2015 in light of the current criteria for two functional hearing groups is reviewed. For impulsive sounds (from pile driving and air guns), there is strong support for the current threshold for very high frequency cetaceans, including harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Less strong support also exists for the threshold for phocid seals in water, including harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). For non-impulsive sounds, there is good correspondence between exposure functions and empirical thresholds below 10 kHz for porpoises (applicable to assessment and regulation of military sonars) and between 3 and 16 kHz for seals. Above 10 kHz for porpoises and outside of the range 3-16 kHz for seals, there are substantial differences (up to 35 dB) between the predicted thresholds for TTS and empirical results. These discrepancies call for further studies.

AB - Intense sound sources, such as pile driving, airguns, and military sonars, have the potential to inflict hearing loss in marine mammals and are, therefore, regulated in many countries. The most recent criteria for noise induced hearing loss are based on empirical data collected until 2015 and recommend frequency-weighted and species group-specific thresholds to predict the onset of temporary threshold shift (TTS). Here, evidence made available after 2015 in light of the current criteria for two functional hearing groups is reviewed. For impulsive sounds (from pile driving and air guns), there is strong support for the current threshold for very high frequency cetaceans, including harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Less strong support also exists for the threshold for phocid seals in water, including harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). For non-impulsive sounds, there is good correspondence between exposure functions and empirical thresholds below 10 kHz for porpoises (applicable to assessment and regulation of military sonars) and between 3 and 16 kHz for seals. Above 10 kHz for porpoises and outside of the range 3-16 kHz for seals, there are substantial differences (up to 35 dB) between the predicted thresholds for TTS and empirical results. These discrepancies call for further studies.

KW - Acoustic Stimulation

KW - Animals

KW - Auditory Fatigue

KW - Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/diagnosis

KW - Noise/adverse effects

KW - Phoca

KW - Phocoena/physiology

KW - Psychoacoustics

KW - Sound Spectrography

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133661211&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1121/10.0011560

DO - 10.1121/10.0011560

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 35778178

AN - SCOPUS:85133661211

VL - 151

SP - 4252

EP - 4263

JO - Acoustical Society of America. Journal

JF - Acoustical Society of America. Journal

SN - 0001-4966

IS - 6

ER -