Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas

Wolf L. Eiserhardt

Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas

Publikation: Bog/antologi/afhandling/rapport › Ph.d.-afhandling

Abstract

Palmefamilien (Arecaceae) bruges i stigende grad som model gruppe til at undersøge tropiske økosystemers evolution og økologi. Denne afhandling spænder over adskillige emner indenfor palmers synøkologi (community ecology), makroøkologi, biogeografi og fylogeni, med fokus på forbindelser mellem økologiske og evolutionære processer. (i) Ud fra litteraturen opsummeres hvordan de faktorer, der påvirker palmers udbredel-sesområder, artssammensætning, og artsrigdom, varierer som funktion af undersøgel-sernes rumlig skala. Forskellige aspekter af abiotisk miljø, biotiske interaktioner og spredning har tydeligvis varierende indflydelse på forskellig rumlig og tidslig skala. Historiske (inkl. evolutionære) faktorer har stor betydning. (ii) Stor-skala rumlige mønstre i palmers artsrigdom og fylogenetisk udskiftning (turnover) er undersøgt for hele Amerika. Sammenhængen mellem miljø og artsrigdom varierer rumligt: korrelatio-nen mellem vand og artsrigdom aftager med afstand fra ækvator, mens korrelationen mellem energi og artsrigdom tiltager. Dette antyder, at de forskellige afgørende faktorer påvirker hinanden på en kompleks måde. Undersøgelser af fylogenetisk udskiftning i regionale palmesamfund viser, at evolutionshistorien påvirker palmers udbredelse signi-fikant på kontinental skala. En ny metode beskrives til at skelne mellem effekterne af fylogenetisk niche-konservatisme og spredningsbegrænsning i evolutionær tid. (iii) Lokale palmesamfund i Amerika er undersøgt, i første omgang ved at opsummere information om deres diversitet og vækstform-sammensætning fra litteraturen. Palme-samfund fra det vestlige Amazonas er desuden undersøgt ved brug af nyindsamlede data. Habitatforskelle er stærkt afgørende for artsrigdom, vækstform-sammensætning og fylogenetisk struktur i palmesamfund. Artsrigdom afhænger også af klimatisk og biogeografisk historie, som også påvirker den fylogenetiske struktur af palmesamfund i det vestlige Amazonas. (iv) Diversificeringen af palme undertribus Bactridinae, som er endemisk for Amerika, blev undersøgt ved brug af nukleart DNA og kloroplast-DNA. Resultatet er en højt opløst og solidt understøttet fylogeni, der delvist modsiger tidligere klassifikationer og fylogenetiske hypoteser baseret på morfologisk information. Denne gruppes diversificering er tilsyneladende præget af Andesbjergenes dannelse og mulig¬vis klimaforandringer i Kænozoikum. Alt i alt, nuværende mønstre i palmers diversitet og udbredelse er tydeligvis påvirket af både nuværende økologiske processer og evolu-tionær dynamik (artsdannelse, uddøen, niche evolution, migration) som følge af for-tidige miljøforandringer og spredningsdynamik over evolutionær tid.

Originalsprog	Engelsk

Forlag	Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aarhus Universitet
Antal sider	199
Status	Udgivet - jul. 2011

Citationsformater

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title = "Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas",

abstract = "The palm family (Arecaceae) increasingly serves as a model system to study the ecology and evolution of tropical ecosystems. This volume covers a wide range of topics in the areas of palm community ecology, macroecology, biogeography, and phylogeny, with a focus on the bridge between ecological and evolutionary processes. These topics fall into four categories: (i) Previous empirical evidence on the factors influencing palm species distributions, community composition, and species richness was summarised in a hierarchical scale framework. The effects of different components of the abiotic environment, biotic interactions, and dispersal are integrally dependent on spatiotemporal scale. Historical, including evolutionary factors are clearly important for palm distributions and diversity. (ii) Broad-scale patterns of palm species richness and phylogenetic turnover were studied across the Americas. Richnessenvironment relationships were found to be spatially variable; richness-water correlations decreased in strength, and richness-energy correlations increased in strength with latitude, indicating complex and systematic interactions between factors. Evolutionary history has a significant impact on continental-scale palm distributions, reflected in phylogenetic turnover among regional assemblages. A novel analytical framework was developed to separate the effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and secular dispersal limitation. (iii) Local palm communities in the Americas were investigated in detail, beginning with a review of previous reports assessing diversity and growth-form composition. Western Amazon palm communities were analysed with newly collected field data. Habitat differences are integral in species richness, growth-form composition, and phylogenetic structure of American palm communities. Moreover, species richness is associated with climatic and biogeographic history, which also affects the phylogenetic structure of western Amazonian palm communities. (iv) The diversification history of the New-World-endemic palm subtribe Bactridinae was studied with nuclear and plastid DNA. The resulting well-resolved and -supported phylogeny refutes, in part, previous morphology-based classifications and phylogenetic hypotheses. Signatures of Andean uplift, and possibly Cenozoic climate change were identified from the dating of Bactridinae diversification. In summary, present day patterns of palm diversity and distributions were found to depend on both current ecological processes and the dynamics of speciation, extinction, niche evolution, and secular migration in response to past environmental change.",

author = "Eiserhardt, {Wolf L.}",

year = "2011",

month = jul,

language = "English",

publisher = "Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aarhus Universitet",

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TY - BOOK

T1 - Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas

AU - Eiserhardt, Wolf L.

PY - 2011/7

Y1 - 2011/7

N2 - The palm family (Arecaceae) increasingly serves as a model system to study the ecology and evolution of tropical ecosystems. This volume covers a wide range of topics in the areas of palm community ecology, macroecology, biogeography, and phylogeny, with a focus on the bridge between ecological and evolutionary processes. These topics fall into four categories: (i) Previous empirical evidence on the factors influencing palm species distributions, community composition, and species richness was summarised in a hierarchical scale framework. The effects of different components of the abiotic environment, biotic interactions, and dispersal are integrally dependent on spatiotemporal scale. Historical, including evolutionary factors are clearly important for palm distributions and diversity. (ii) Broad-scale patterns of palm species richness and phylogenetic turnover were studied across the Americas. Richnessenvironment relationships were found to be spatially variable; richness-water correlations decreased in strength, and richness-energy correlations increased in strength with latitude, indicating complex and systematic interactions between factors. Evolutionary history has a significant impact on continental-scale palm distributions, reflected in phylogenetic turnover among regional assemblages. A novel analytical framework was developed to separate the effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and secular dispersal limitation. (iii) Local palm communities in the Americas were investigated in detail, beginning with a review of previous reports assessing diversity and growth-form composition. Western Amazon palm communities were analysed with newly collected field data. Habitat differences are integral in species richness, growth-form composition, and phylogenetic structure of American palm communities. Moreover, species richness is associated with climatic and biogeographic history, which also affects the phylogenetic structure of western Amazonian palm communities. (iv) The diversification history of the New-World-endemic palm subtribe Bactridinae was studied with nuclear and plastid DNA. The resulting well-resolved and -supported phylogeny refutes, in part, previous morphology-based classifications and phylogenetic hypotheses. Signatures of Andean uplift, and possibly Cenozoic climate change were identified from the dating of Bactridinae diversification. In summary, present day patterns of palm diversity and distributions were found to depend on both current ecological processes and the dynamics of speciation, extinction, niche evolution, and secular migration in response to past environmental change.

AB - The palm family (Arecaceae) increasingly serves as a model system to study the ecology and evolution of tropical ecosystems. This volume covers a wide range of topics in the areas of palm community ecology, macroecology, biogeography, and phylogeny, with a focus on the bridge between ecological and evolutionary processes. These topics fall into four categories: (i) Previous empirical evidence on the factors influencing palm species distributions, community composition, and species richness was summarised in a hierarchical scale framework. The effects of different components of the abiotic environment, biotic interactions, and dispersal are integrally dependent on spatiotemporal scale. Historical, including evolutionary factors are clearly important for palm distributions and diversity. (ii) Broad-scale patterns of palm species richness and phylogenetic turnover were studied across the Americas. Richnessenvironment relationships were found to be spatially variable; richness-water correlations decreased in strength, and richness-energy correlations increased in strength with latitude, indicating complex and systematic interactions between factors. Evolutionary history has a significant impact on continental-scale palm distributions, reflected in phylogenetic turnover among regional assemblages. A novel analytical framework was developed to separate the effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and secular dispersal limitation. (iii) Local palm communities in the Americas were investigated in detail, beginning with a review of previous reports assessing diversity and growth-form composition. Western Amazon palm communities were analysed with newly collected field data. Habitat differences are integral in species richness, growth-form composition, and phylogenetic structure of American palm communities. Moreover, species richness is associated with climatic and biogeographic history, which also affects the phylogenetic structure of western Amazonian palm communities. (iv) The diversification history of the New-World-endemic palm subtribe Bactridinae was studied with nuclear and plastid DNA. The resulting well-resolved and -supported phylogeny refutes, in part, previous morphology-based classifications and phylogenetic hypotheses. Signatures of Andean uplift, and possibly Cenozoic climate change were identified from the dating of Bactridinae diversification. In summary, present day patterns of palm diversity and distributions were found to depend on both current ecological processes and the dynamics of speciation, extinction, niche evolution, and secular migration in response to past environmental change.

M3 - Ph.D. thesis

BT - Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas

PB - Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aarhus Universitet

ER -

Studies on the Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Palms (Arecaceae) with Focus on the Americas

Abstract

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