TY - JOUR
T1 - Safer and Sustainable-by-Design Hydroxyapatite Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Applications
T2 - Assessment of Environmental Hazards
AU - Gomes, Susana I L
AU - Guimarães, Bruno
AU - Campodoni, Elisabetta
AU - Sandri, Monica
AU - Sprio, Simone
AU - Blosi, Magda
AU - Costa, Anna L
AU - Scott-Fordsmand, Janeck J
AU - Amorim, Mónica J B
PY - 2022/11/18
Y1 - 2022/11/18
N2 - Developments in the nanotechnology area occur ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, not only in terms of safety requirements, but also to meet sustainability goals. Hence, safer and sustainable-by-design (SSbD) materials are also aimed for during developmental process. Similar to with any new materials their safety must be assessed. Nanobiomaterials can offer large advantages in the biomedical field, in areas such as tissue repair and regeneration, cancer therapy, etc. For example, although hydroxyapatite-based nanomaterials (nHA) are among the most studied biomaterials, its ecotoxicological effects are mostly unknown. In the present study we investigated the toxicity of seven nHA-based materials, covering both different biomedical applications, e.g., iron-doped hydroxyapatite designed for theragnostic applications), hybrid collagen/hydroxyapatite composites, designed for bone tissue regeneration, and SSbD alternative materials such as titanium-doped hydroxyapatite/alginate composite, designed as sunscreen. The effects were assessed using the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) in the natural standard LUFA 2.2 soil. The assessed endpoints included the 2, 3 and 4 days avoidance behavior (short-term), 28 days survival, size and reproduction (long term based on the OECD standard reproduction test), and 56 days survival and reproduction (longer-term OECD extension). Although overall results showed little to no toxicity among the tested nHA, there was a significant decrease in animals' size for Ti-containing nHA. Moreover, there was a tendency for higher toxicity at the lowest concentrations (i.e., 100 mg/kg). This requires further investigation to ensure safety.
AB - Developments in the nanotechnology area occur ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, not only in terms of safety requirements, but also to meet sustainability goals. Hence, safer and sustainable-by-design (SSbD) materials are also aimed for during developmental process. Similar to with any new materials their safety must be assessed. Nanobiomaterials can offer large advantages in the biomedical field, in areas such as tissue repair and regeneration, cancer therapy, etc. For example, although hydroxyapatite-based nanomaterials (nHA) are among the most studied biomaterials, its ecotoxicological effects are mostly unknown. In the present study we investigated the toxicity of seven nHA-based materials, covering both different biomedical applications, e.g., iron-doped hydroxyapatite designed for theragnostic applications), hybrid collagen/hydroxyapatite composites, designed for bone tissue regeneration, and SSbD alternative materials such as titanium-doped hydroxyapatite/alginate composite, designed as sunscreen. The effects were assessed using the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) in the natural standard LUFA 2.2 soil. The assessed endpoints included the 2, 3 and 4 days avoidance behavior (short-term), 28 days survival, size and reproduction (long term based on the OECD standard reproduction test), and 56 days survival and reproduction (longer-term OECD extension). Although overall results showed little to no toxicity among the tested nHA, there was a significant decrease in animals' size for Ti-containing nHA. Moreover, there was a tendency for higher toxicity at the lowest concentrations (i.e., 100 mg/kg). This requires further investigation to ensure safety.
KW - biomaterials
KW - enchytraeids
KW - health care applications
KW - hydroxyapatite nanomaterials
KW - soil
KW - toxicity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85142421121&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/nano12224060
DO - 10.3390/nano12224060
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 36432346
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 12
JO - Nanomaterials
JF - Nanomaterials
IS - 22
M1 - 4060
ER -