On virus and nanomaterials – Lessons learned from the innate immune system – ACE activation in the invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus

TY - JOUR

T1 - On virus and nanomaterials – Lessons learned from the innate immune system – ACE activation in the invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus

AU - Amorim, M. J.B.

AU - Gomes, S. I.L.

AU - Bicho, R. C.S.

AU - Scott-Fordsmand, J. J.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2022/8/15

Y1 - 2022/8/15

N2 - Current human research on COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus) showed that ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) is a functional receptor to which the spike proteins attach. Invertebrates have been exposed to a wide array of threats for millennia and their immune system has evolved to deal with these efficiently. The annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, a standard ecotoxicological species, is an invertebrate species where extensive mechanisms of response studies are available, covering all levels from gene to population responses. Nanomaterials (NMs) are often perceived as invaders (e.g. virus) and can enter the cell covered by a corona, triggering similar responses. We created a database on E. crypticus ACE gene expression, aiming to analyse the potential knowledge transfer between invertebrates and vertebrates. Total exposure experiments sum 87 stress conditions for 18 different nanomaterials (NMs). ACE expression following TiO2 NM exposure was clearly different from other NMs showing a clear (6–7 fold) ACE down-regulation, not observed for any other NMs. Other NMs, notably Ag NMs, and to some extent Cu NMs, caused ACE up-regulation (up to 4 fold). The extensive knowledge from response to NMs can support the immuno-research community, especially to develop therapies for virus that trigger the innate immune system.

AB - Current human research on COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus) showed that ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) is a functional receptor to which the spike proteins attach. Invertebrates have been exposed to a wide array of threats for millennia and their immune system has evolved to deal with these efficiently. The annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, a standard ecotoxicological species, is an invertebrate species where extensive mechanisms of response studies are available, covering all levels from gene to population responses. Nanomaterials (NMs) are often perceived as invaders (e.g. virus) and can enter the cell covered by a corona, triggering similar responses. We created a database on E. crypticus ACE gene expression, aiming to analyse the potential knowledge transfer between invertebrates and vertebrates. Total exposure experiments sum 87 stress conditions for 18 different nanomaterials (NMs). ACE expression following TiO2 NM exposure was clearly different from other NMs showing a clear (6–7 fold) ACE down-regulation, not observed for any other NMs. Other NMs, notably Ag NMs, and to some extent Cu NMs, caused ACE up-regulation (up to 4 fold). The extensive knowledge from response to NMs can support the immuno-research community, especially to develop therapies for virus that trigger the innate immune system.

KW - ACE

KW - Conserved mechanisms

KW - Inflammatory

KW - Innate immune response

KW - Stress response

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131121111&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129173

DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129173

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 35739709

AN - SCOPUS:85131121111

SN - 0304-3894

VL - 436

JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials

JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials

M1 - 129173

ER -