Metabolism of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D in Human Macrophages Is Highly Dependent on Macrophage Polarization

TY - JOUR

T1 - Metabolism of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D in Human Macrophages Is Highly Dependent on Macrophage Polarization

AU - Nygaard, Rie H

AU - Nielsen, Marlene C

AU - Antonsen, Kristian W

AU - Højskov, Carsten S

AU - Sørensen, Boe S

AU - Møller, Holger J

PY - 2022/9

Y1 - 2022/9

N2 - Macrophages synthesize active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D) and express the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus; however, vitamin D metabolism in relation to macrophage polarization and function is not well understood. We studied monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from human buffy coats polarized into M0, M1 (LPS + IFNγ), M2a (IL4 + IL13) and M2c (IL10) macrophage subtypes stimulated with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (1000 and 10,000 nanomolar). We measured vitamin D metabolites (25-hydroxy-vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and 3-epi-25-hydroxy-vitamin D) in cell media with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. The mRNA expression ( CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and CYP24A1-SV) was measured with qPCR. We found that reparative MDMs (M2a) had significantly more 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D compared to the other MDMs (M0, M1 and M2c). All MDMs were able to produce 3-epi-25-hydroxy-vitamin D, but this pathway was almost completely attenuated in inflammatory M1 MDMs. All MDM subtypes degraded vitamin D through the 24-hydroxylase pathway, although M1 MDMs mainly expressed an inactive splice variant of CYP24A1, coding the degrading enzyme. In conclusion, this study shows that vitamin D metabolism is highly dependent on macrophage polarization and that the C3-epimerase pathway for vitamin D is active in macrophages.

AB - Macrophages synthesize active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D) and express the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus; however, vitamin D metabolism in relation to macrophage polarization and function is not well understood. We studied monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from human buffy coats polarized into M0, M1 (LPS + IFNγ), M2a (IL4 + IL13) and M2c (IL10) macrophage subtypes stimulated with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (1000 and 10,000 nanomolar). We measured vitamin D metabolites (25-hydroxy-vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and 3-epi-25-hydroxy-vitamin D) in cell media with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. The mRNA expression ( CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and CYP24A1-SV) was measured with qPCR. We found that reparative MDMs (M2a) had significantly more 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D compared to the other MDMs (M0, M1 and M2c). All MDMs were able to produce 3-epi-25-hydroxy-vitamin D, but this pathway was almost completely attenuated in inflammatory M1 MDMs. All MDM subtypes degraded vitamin D through the 24-hydroxylase pathway, although M1 MDMs mainly expressed an inactive splice variant of CYP24A1, coding the degrading enzyme. In conclusion, this study shows that vitamin D metabolism is highly dependent on macrophage polarization and that the C3-epimerase pathway for vitamin D is active in macrophages.

KW - 3-epi-25-hydroxy-vitamin D

KW - immune system

KW - inflammation

KW - liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

KW - monocyte-derived macrophages

KW - qPCR

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138331153&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/ijms231810943

DO - 10.3390/ijms231810943

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 36142855

SN - 1661-6596

VL - 23

JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences

JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences

IS - 18

M1 - 10943

ER -