Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions

Berit B. Rasmussen; Kai Wang; Johan G. Karstoft; Søren N. Skov; Morten Køcks; Christina Andersen; Aneta Wierzbicka; Joakim Pagels; Peter B. Pedersen; Marianne Glasius; Merete Bilde

doi:10.1111/ina.12800

Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions

Berit B. Rasmussen, Kai Wang, Johan G. Karstoft, Søren N. Skov, Morten Køcks, Christina Andersen, Aneta Wierzbicka, Joakim Pagels, Peter B. Pedersen, Marianne Glasius, Merete Bilde^*

^*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift/Konferencebidrag i tidsskrift /Bidrag til avis › Tidsskriftartikel › Forskning › peer review

11 Citationer (Scopus)

Abstract

Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O₂ >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h⁻¹). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0–1 h) and stable (1–6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4–7.3 and 4.7–7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Tidsskrift	Indoor Air
Vol/bind	31
Nummer	4
Sider (fra-til)	1084-1094
Antal sider	11
ISSN	0905-6947
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12800
Status	Udgivet - jul. 2021

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title = "Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions",

abstract = "Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h−1). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0–1 h) and stable (1–6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4–7.3 and 4.7–7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.",

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author = "Rasmussen, {Berit B.} and Kai Wang and Karstoft, {Johan G.} and Skov, {S{\o}ren N.} and Morten K{\o}cks and Christina Andersen and Aneta Wierzbicka and Joakim Pagels and Pedersen, {Peter B.} and Marianne Glasius and Merete Bilde",

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year = "2021",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1111/ina.12800",

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AU - Rasmussen, Berit B.

AU - Wang, Kai

AU - Karstoft, Johan G.

AU - Skov, Søren N.

AU - Køcks, Morten

AU - Andersen, Christina

AU - Wierzbicka, Aneta

AU - Pagels, Joakim

AU - Pedersen, Peter B.

AU - Glasius, Marianne

AU - Bilde, Merete

PY - 2021/7

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N2 - Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h−1). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0–1 h) and stable (1–6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4–7.3 and 4.7–7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.

AB - Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h−1). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0–1 h) and stable (1–6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4–7.3 and 4.7–7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.

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KW - candle emissions

KW - candle wax

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Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions

Abstract

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