Does the Path From Cigarette Smoking to Suicide Death Go Through the Hospital? A Causal Mediation Analysis in a National Canadian Sample

TY - JOUR

T1 - Does the Path From Cigarette Smoking to Suicide Death Go Through the Hospital?

T2 - A Causal Mediation Analysis in a National Canadian Sample

AU - Balbuena, Lloyd

AU - Åhs, Fredrik

AU - Peters, Evyn

AU - Mendes-Silva, Ana

AU - Speed, Doug

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - BACKGROUND: Although many epidemiological studies show an association of cigarette smoking with suicide the path to the latter is not well understood.OBJECTIVE: Using causal inference methodology with observational data, to examine if smoking leads indirectly to suicide through mental health hospitalization.DESIGN: The study used 11 waves of a cross-sectional national health survey that was linked with hospitalization and death registers.METHODS: The data came from Canadian Community Health Survey respondents (n = 723 665) between the years 2000 and 2014. These respondents agreed to link their data with hospitalization and death registers and were followed for an average of 9.18 (SD: 4.42; range: 3 to 17) years. Mediation models, one each for men and women, were created in which lifetime daily smoking was the exposure, mental health hospitalization was the mediator, and death by suicide was the outcome, adjusting for 11 covariates reported at survey participation.RESULTS: In both men and women, the direct effect of daily smoking was larger than the indirect effect through hospitalization for mental conditions. The direct effect of smoking was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.47-2.10) for men and 2.60 (95% CI: 1.90-3.57) for women. The indirect effect through mental health hospitalization was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.09) for men and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99-1.09) for women.CONCLUSION: A relatively smaller proportion of the daily smoking-suicide association is transmitted indirectly through mental health hospitalizations compared to a direct effect. Suicide interventions focusing on people hospitalized for mental disorders may miss many suicidal people, so primary prevention and secondary prevention of smoking are crucial.

AB - BACKGROUND: Although many epidemiological studies show an association of cigarette smoking with suicide the path to the latter is not well understood.OBJECTIVE: Using causal inference methodology with observational data, to examine if smoking leads indirectly to suicide through mental health hospitalization.DESIGN: The study used 11 waves of a cross-sectional national health survey that was linked with hospitalization and death registers.METHODS: The data came from Canadian Community Health Survey respondents (n = 723 665) between the years 2000 and 2014. These respondents agreed to link their data with hospitalization and death registers and were followed for an average of 9.18 (SD: 4.42; range: 3 to 17) years. Mediation models, one each for men and women, were created in which lifetime daily smoking was the exposure, mental health hospitalization was the mediator, and death by suicide was the outcome, adjusting for 11 covariates reported at survey participation.RESULTS: In both men and women, the direct effect of daily smoking was larger than the indirect effect through hospitalization for mental conditions. The direct effect of smoking was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.47-2.10) for men and 2.60 (95% CI: 1.90-3.57) for women. The indirect effect through mental health hospitalization was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.09) for men and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99-1.09) for women.CONCLUSION: A relatively smaller proportion of the daily smoking-suicide association is transmitted indirectly through mental health hospitalizations compared to a direct effect. Suicide interventions focusing on people hospitalized for mental disorders may miss many suicidal people, so primary prevention and secondary prevention of smoking are crucial.

U2 - 10.1177/1179173X251349612

DO - 10.1177/1179173X251349612

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 40497231

SN - 1179-173X

VL - 18

JO - Tobacco Use Insights

JF - Tobacco Use Insights

ER -