TY - JOUR
T1 - DMI fungicide resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici is unlinked to geographical origin and genetic background: a case study in Europe
AU - Oreiro, Eula Gems
AU - Samils, Berit
AU - Kildea, Steven
AU - Heick, Thies Marten
AU - Hellin, Pierre
AU - Legrève, Anne
AU - Rodemann, Bernd
AU - Berg, Gunilla
AU - Jørgensen, Lise Nistrup
AU - Friberg, Hanna
AU - Berling, Anna
AU - Zhan, Jiasui
AU - Andersson, Björn
PY - 2025/2
Y1 - 2025/2
N2 - BACKGROUND: The hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria tritici blotch (STB), is a devastating foliar pathogen of wheat worldwide. A common group of fungicides used to control STB are the demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). DMI fungicides restrict fungal growth by inhibiting the sterol 14-α-demethylase, a protein encoded by CYP51 gene and essential for maintaining fungal cell permeability. However, the adaptation of Z. tritici populations in response to intensive and prolonged DMI usage has resulted in a gradual shift towards reduced sensitivity to this group of fungicides. In this study, 311 isolates were collected pre-treatment from nine wheat-growing regions in Europe in 2019. These isolates were analysed by high-throughput amplicon-based sequencing of nine housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene. RESULTS: Analyses based on housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene revealed a lack of population structure in Z. tritici samples irrespective of geographical origin. Minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis showed clustering of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) based on CYP51 haplotypes, indicating an effect of selection due to DMI fungicide use. The majority of the haplotypes identified in this study have been reported previously. The diversity and frequencies of mutations varied across regions. CONCLUSION: Using a high-throughput amplicon-sequencing approach, we found several mutations in the CYP51 gene combined in different haplotypes that are likely to cause fungicide resistance. These mutations occurred irrespective of genetic background or geographical origin. Overall, these results contribute to the development of effective and sustainable risk monitoring for DMI fungicide resistance.
AB - BACKGROUND: The hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria tritici blotch (STB), is a devastating foliar pathogen of wheat worldwide. A common group of fungicides used to control STB are the demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). DMI fungicides restrict fungal growth by inhibiting the sterol 14-α-demethylase, a protein encoded by CYP51 gene and essential for maintaining fungal cell permeability. However, the adaptation of Z. tritici populations in response to intensive and prolonged DMI usage has resulted in a gradual shift towards reduced sensitivity to this group of fungicides. In this study, 311 isolates were collected pre-treatment from nine wheat-growing regions in Europe in 2019. These isolates were analysed by high-throughput amplicon-based sequencing of nine housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene. RESULTS: Analyses based on housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene revealed a lack of population structure in Z. tritici samples irrespective of geographical origin. Minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis showed clustering of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) based on CYP51 haplotypes, indicating an effect of selection due to DMI fungicide use. The majority of the haplotypes identified in this study have been reported previously. The diversity and frequencies of mutations varied across regions. CONCLUSION: Using a high-throughput amplicon-sequencing approach, we found several mutations in the CYP51 gene combined in different haplotypes that are likely to cause fungicide resistance. These mutations occurred irrespective of genetic background or geographical origin. Overall, these results contribute to the development of effective and sustainable risk monitoring for DMI fungicide resistance.
KW - CYP51
KW - Septoria tritici blotch
KW - fungicide resistance
KW - haplotypes
KW - population structure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208195944&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ps.8514
DO - 10.1002/ps.8514
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 39503283
SN - 1526-498X
VL - 81
SP - 1103
EP - 1112
JO - Pest Management Science
JF - Pest Management Science
IS - 2
M1 - ps.8514
ER -