Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia

Ekaterina Ezhova; Dmitry Orlov; Elli Suhonen; Dmitry Kaverin; Alexander Mahura; Victor Gennadinik; Ilmo Kukkonen; Dmitry Drozdov; Hanna K. Lappalainen; Vladimir Melnikov; Tuukka Petaja; Veli-Matti Kerminen; Sergey Zilitinkevich; Svetlana M. Malkhazova; Torben R. Christensen; Markku Kulmala

doi:10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5

Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia

Ekaterina Ezhova^*, Dmitry Orlov, Elli Suhonen, Dmitry Kaverin, Alexander Mahura, Victor Gennadinik, Ilmo Kukkonen, Dmitry Drozdov, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Vladimir Melnikov, Tuukka Petaja, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Sergey Zilitinkevich, Svetlana M. Malkhazova, Torben R. Christensen, Markku Kulmala

^*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift/Konferencebidrag i tidsskrift /Bidrag til avis › Tidsskriftartikel › Forskning › peer review

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Abstract

In 2016, an outbreak of anthrax killing thousands of reindeer and affecting dozens of humans occurred on the Yamal peninsula, Northwest Siberia, after 70 years of epidemiological situation without outbreaks. The trigger of the outbreak has been ascribed to the activation of spores due to permafrost thaw that was accelerated during the summer heat wave. The focus of our study is on the dynamics of local environmental factors in connection with the observed anthrax revival. We show that permafrost was thawing rapidly for already 6 years before the outbreak. During 2011-2016, relatively warm years were followed by cold years with a thick snow cover, preventing freezing of the soil. Furthermore, the spread of anthrax was likely intensified by an extremely dry summer of 2016. Concurrent with the long-term decreasing trend in the regional annual precipitation, the rainfall in July 2016 was less than 10% of its 30-year mean value. We conclude that epidemiological situation of anthrax in the previously contaminated Arctic regions requires monitoring of climatic factors such as warming and precipitation extremes.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Tidsskrift	EcoHealth
Vol/bind	18
Nummer	2
Sider (fra-til)	217-228
Antal sider	12
ISSN	1612-9202
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5
Status	Udgivet - jun. 2021

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10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5Licens: CC BY

s10393-021-01549-5Forlagets udgivne version, 1,23 MBLicens: CC BY

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Ezhova, E., Orlov, D., Suhonen, E., Kaverin, D., Mahura, A., Gennadinik, V., Kukkonen, I., Drozdov, D., Lappalainen, H. K., Melnikov, V., Petaja, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Zilitinkevich, S., Malkhazova, S. M., Christensen, T. R., & Kulmala, M. (2021). Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia. EcoHealth, 18(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5

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title = "Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia",

abstract = "In 2016, an outbreak of anthrax killing thousands of reindeer and affecting dozens of humans occurred on the Yamal peninsula, Northwest Siberia, after 70 years of epidemiological situation without outbreaks. The trigger of the outbreak has been ascribed to the activation of spores due to permafrost thaw that was accelerated during the summer heat wave. The focus of our study is on the dynamics of local environmental factors in connection with the observed anthrax revival. We show that permafrost was thawing rapidly for already 6 years before the outbreak. During 2011-2016, relatively warm years were followed by cold years with a thick snow cover, preventing freezing of the soil. Furthermore, the spread of anthrax was likely intensified by an extremely dry summer of 2016. Concurrent with the long-term decreasing trend in the regional annual precipitation, the rainfall in July 2016 was less than 10% of its 30-year mean value. We conclude that epidemiological situation of anthrax in the previously contaminated Arctic regions requires monitoring of climatic factors such as warming and precipitation extremes.",

keywords = "Anthrax, Permafrost, Climate, Snow, Drought, Siberia, PERMAFROST, DISEASES, ECOLOGY",

author = "Ekaterina Ezhova and Dmitry Orlov and Elli Suhonen and Dmitry Kaverin and Alexander Mahura and Victor Gennadinik and Ilmo Kukkonen and Dmitry Drozdov and Lappalainen, {Hanna K.} and Vladimir Melnikov and Tuukka Petaja and Veli-Matti Kerminen and Sergey Zilitinkevich and Malkhazova, {Svetlana M.} and Christensen, {Torben R.} and Markku Kulmala",

year = "2021",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5",

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Ezhova, E, Orlov, D, Suhonen, E, Kaverin, D, Mahura, A, Gennadinik, V, Kukkonen, I, Drozdov, D, Lappalainen, HK, Melnikov, V, Petaja, T, Kerminen, V-M, Zilitinkevich, S, Malkhazova, SM, Christensen, TR & Kulmala, M 2021, 'Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia', EcoHealth, bind 18, nr. 2, s. 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5

TY - JOUR

T1 - Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia

AU - Ezhova, Ekaterina

AU - Orlov, Dmitry

AU - Suhonen, Elli

AU - Kaverin, Dmitry

AU - Mahura, Alexander

AU - Gennadinik, Victor

AU - Kukkonen, Ilmo

AU - Drozdov, Dmitry

AU - Lappalainen, Hanna K.

AU - Melnikov, Vladimir

AU - Petaja, Tuukka

AU - Kerminen, Veli-Matti

AU - Zilitinkevich, Sergey

AU - Malkhazova, Svetlana M.

AU - Christensen, Torben R.

AU - Kulmala, Markku

PY - 2021/6

Y1 - 2021/6

N2 - In 2016, an outbreak of anthrax killing thousands of reindeer and affecting dozens of humans occurred on the Yamal peninsula, Northwest Siberia, after 70 years of epidemiological situation without outbreaks. The trigger of the outbreak has been ascribed to the activation of spores due to permafrost thaw that was accelerated during the summer heat wave. The focus of our study is on the dynamics of local environmental factors in connection with the observed anthrax revival. We show that permafrost was thawing rapidly for already 6 years before the outbreak. During 2011-2016, relatively warm years were followed by cold years with a thick snow cover, preventing freezing of the soil. Furthermore, the spread of anthrax was likely intensified by an extremely dry summer of 2016. Concurrent with the long-term decreasing trend in the regional annual precipitation, the rainfall in July 2016 was less than 10% of its 30-year mean value. We conclude that epidemiological situation of anthrax in the previously contaminated Arctic regions requires monitoring of climatic factors such as warming and precipitation extremes.

AB - In 2016, an outbreak of anthrax killing thousands of reindeer and affecting dozens of humans occurred on the Yamal peninsula, Northwest Siberia, after 70 years of epidemiological situation without outbreaks. The trigger of the outbreak has been ascribed to the activation of spores due to permafrost thaw that was accelerated during the summer heat wave. The focus of our study is on the dynamics of local environmental factors in connection with the observed anthrax revival. We show that permafrost was thawing rapidly for already 6 years before the outbreak. During 2011-2016, relatively warm years were followed by cold years with a thick snow cover, preventing freezing of the soil. Furthermore, the spread of anthrax was likely intensified by an extremely dry summer of 2016. Concurrent with the long-term decreasing trend in the regional annual precipitation, the rainfall in July 2016 was less than 10% of its 30-year mean value. We conclude that epidemiological situation of anthrax in the previously contaminated Arctic regions requires monitoring of climatic factors such as warming and precipitation extremes.

KW - Anthrax

KW - Permafrost

KW - Climate

KW - Snow

KW - Drought

KW - Siberia

KW - PERMAFROST

KW - DISEASES

KW - ECOLOGY

U2 - 10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5

DO - 10.1007/s10393-021-01549-5

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 34453636

SN - 1612-9202

VL - 18

SP - 217

EP - 228

JO - EcoHealth

JF - EcoHealth

IS - 2

ER -

Climatic Factors Influencing the Anthrax Outbreak of 2016 in Siberia, Russia

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