The soil living invertebrates such as earthworms, nematodes, springtails and mites play a significant role in the nutrient cycling and energy flow in the soils and are actively involved in the physical, chemical and biological processes in soil. There is a concistent concern that new GM crops could change the invertebrate communities. We are engaged in research programmes established for studying the effects of the GM crop cultivation on different non-target organisms living in the soil. There are two possible ways that the GM crops can influence soil living organisms: firstly, directly through feeding on GM roots and root exudates and GM litter; and secondly, indirectly through the changes in agricultural management practices related to the genetic modification, e.g. changed pesticide regimes.